No cure as of yet exists for any of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of analogues of Congo red and evaluation against a cellular model of infection, the SMB (scrapie mouse brain) persistently infected cell line, for their ability to inhibit the infectivity of the abnormal form of prion protein (PrP-res). The compounds have also been tested for their ability to inhibit the polymerization of PrPC by PrP-res. A number of analogues showed inhibition of PrP-res infectivity at nanomolar concentrations. Several analogues show promise; the most active compound, 2a, inhibits the formation of PrP-res in SMB cells with an EC50 of 25-50 nM.

One of the major causes of neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease is excitotoxicity from the neurotransmitter glutamate. This form of cell death could arise from either excess levels of glutamate due to decreased astrocyte clearance or due to increased susceptibility. We have identified galectin-1, a galactose-binding lectin, as a potential neuroprotective factor secreted by astrocytes. Our results show that both native and recombinant galectin-1 protects mouse and rat cerebellar neurons from the toxic effects of glutamate. Galectin-1 applied to neurons increased their expression of the NMDA receptor NR1 and increased the proportion of the NR1a subunit subtype while antisense knockdown of the NR1a receptor blocked the neuroprotective effect of galectin-1. This effect of the protein was dependent upon it carbohydrate recognition domain, suggesting that the protein acts in a reduced dimerized form. In addition, galectin-1 caused a decreased expression of PKC associated with increased resistance to glutamate toxicity. These results suggest that the astrocytic lectin galectin-1 could protect neurons against the effects of excitotoxicity as seen in stroke and ischemic injury.

Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Identification of possible therapeutic tools is important in the search for a potential treatment for these diseases. Congo red is an azo dye that has been used for many years to detect abnormal prion protein in the brains of diseased patients or animals. Congo red has little therapeutic potential for the treatment of these diseases due to toxicity and poor permeation of the blood-brain barrier. We have prepared two Congo red derivatives, designed without these liabilities, with potent activity in cellular models of prion disease. One of these compounds cured cells of the transmissible agent. The mechanism of action of these compounds is possibly multifactorial. The high affinity of Congo red derivatives, including compounds that are ineffective and are effective at the cure of prion disease, for abnormally folded prion protein suggests that the amyloidophylic property of these derivatives is not as critical to the mechanism of action as other effects. Congo red derivatives that are effective at the cure of prion disease increased the degradation of abnormal PrP by the proteasome. Therefore, the principal mechanism of action of the Congo red analogues was to prevent inhibition of proteasomal activity by PrP Sc .

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