The electroretinogram (ERG) is usually analyzed into PI, PIT and PIII. Each component was studied in its relation to the effects of certain drugs on it (Granit (1, 2), Therman (3), Skoglund (4), Noell (5, 6, 7), Nikiforowsky (8), Beuchelt (9), Toida et al.(10, 11, 12, 13)), but little is known about the mechanism by which drugs applied to the retina produce changes in ERG. It is also the case even with the b-wave (PII), a relatively simple monophasic negative deflexion. The b-wave is rather readily reduced in magnitude or eliminated altogether 1) when a dilute solution of a metabolic poison such as azide (Toida (12), Noell (7)), NaF (Toida (12), Ottoson (14)), iodoacetate (Toida (12), Noell (7)), 2-4dinitrophenol (Toida (11)) and KCN (Toida (12), Ottoson (14)) is applied; 2) when the retina is kept in0.1M KCl (Therman (3), Granit (1), Furukawa (15), 0.1 M RbC1 (Toida (11) or Ringer's solution in which Na ion is substituted by another ion or substance (Toida (11), Furukawa (15)); and3) when the retina is kept under an unnatural physical condition such as low temperature (Nikiforowsky (8), Toida (13), Ottoson (14)) or high pressure (Nikiforwsky (8)). One methold now in use to determine the locality on which those drugs act and to study their working mechanism is to examine changes produced in the retinal layers by application of drugs by means of microelectrode technique (Tomita (16), Ottoson (17), Toida and co-workers (18)). It is conceivable that the equilibrium and transfer for intra and extracellular alkali metal ions may be responsible for the generation of bioelectric potentials in the retina, as in any other tissues. As above mentioned, a change in quantity or kind of alkali metal ions contained in the medium solution produces changes in the b-wave. A comparative study on the changes in the Na and K contents of the retina produced under different conditions and the following changes in the b-wave may serve as a key of elucidating the cause and mechanism for the generation of ERG, especially a b-wave. The Na and K contents of the retinas were measured with a flame photometer, their intracellular contents were computed basing upon the supposition
tissues such as nerve fibers and muscles, distribution of alkali metal ions is remarkably different inside and outside the cell membrane. It is
We know from daily experiences that visual sensations persist for some time following any momentary stimulation of light to the retina,-a fact generally known as "after-image."After-images are classified into positive and negative, but little has hitherto been known about the exact time relation of these phenomena, because both the beginning and the end of sensations are difficult to be marked. The following is the record of our experiments carried out for the measurement of the details of time relation comprised in the phenomena of after-image and the endurance of consciousness.
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