In each phase, a human being's lifespan is considered to be exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) because of its various applications. They are characterized as ionizing based on the distinct photon's energy; those are X-rays, γ-rays, α-particles, β-particles, and neutron. IR has numerous prospective applications such as medical diagnosis, cancer treatment, power generation, etc. It is inevitable that a definite amount of radiation exposure to humans while implementing IR for those beneficial applications. Nevertheless, because of the support of IR and reported side effects, the use of radiation application is decisively controlled, measured and monitored by the regulatory bodies. Those are the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) for assessing radiation risks, provide recom-Biological dosimetry is the measurement of radiation-induced changes in the human to measure short and long-term health risks. Biodosimetry offers an independent means of obtaining dose information and also provides diagnostic information on the potential for "partial-body" exposure information using biological indicators and otherwise based on computer modeling, dose reconstruction, and physical dosimetry. A variety of biodosimetry tools are available and some features make some more valuable than others. Among the available biodosimetry tool, cytogenetic biodosimetry methods occupy an exclusive and advantageous position. The cytogenetic analysis can complement physical dosimetry by confirming or ruling out an accidental radiological exposure or overexposures. We are discussing the recent developments and adaptability of currently available cytogenetic biological dosimetry assays.
Cytogenetics is the gold-standard in biological dosimetry for assessing a received dose of ionizing radiation. More modern techniques have recently emerged, but none are as specific as cytogenetic approaches, particularly the dicentric assay. Here, we will focus on the principal cytogenetic techniques used for biological dosimetry: the dicentric assay in metaphase cells, the micronuclei assay in binucleated cells, and the premature condensed chromosome (PCC) assay in interphase cells. New fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques (such as telomere-centromere hybridization) have facilitated the analysis of the dicentric assay and have permitted to assess the dose a long time after irradiation by translocation analysis (such as by Tri-color FISH or Multiplex-FISH). Telomere centromere staining of PCCs will make it possible to perform dose assessment within 24 h of exposure in the near future.
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