Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the main staple food of Ethiopia. It ranks the first among cereals in the country in area coverage and second in the production volume; however, its productivity is almost stagnant. The Quncho (Dz-Cr-387) teff variety was sown during the main cropping season of 2017 at the Limo District, Southern Ethiopia. The objective of this research was to study the effect of four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 32.5, 65 and 97.5 kg N/ha) and three inter-row spacings (15, 20 and 25 cm), to evaluate the effects on yield and yield components of teff and to identify the economically appropriate nitrogen rates and inter-row spacing that maximize the yield of teff. A factorial experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Phenological and yield-related parameters were measured. The main effects of N rate and inter-row spacing showed significant differences (P≤0.05) for all yield and yield components. The effects of N rate by inter-row spacing interaction were not significant for some traits except for the lodging index, biomass yield, grain yield, and straw yield and harvest index. Application of N rate at 97.5 kg/ha and inter-row spacing with 25 cm significantly (P≤0.01) increased grain yield of teff. Moreover, both N fertilizer rates and wider inter-row spacing increased the magnitudes of the important yield attributes including plant height, panicle length, number of effective tillers per plant, thousand seed weight, biomass yield and straw yield significantly (P≤0.01) and also inter-row spacing increased the magnitudes of important yield attributes significance (P≤0.05). From the results of the study, it is possible to conclude that increased application of nitrogen fertilizer rate and row spacing improves yield and yield components of teff. Therefore, the application of 97.5 kg N/ha and inter-row spacing of 25 cm gave maximum yield which can be recommended for the study area.

Agriculture plays a central role within the Ethiopian economy. In our country, concerning 85% of total population depends on agriculture and its product. This implies agriculture provides a good portion of national product growth. In spite of the importance of this sector, production and productivity area units restricted by varied biophysical, social and economic aspects. Soil fertility decline is one of the central issues that scale back Ethiopian agriculture and at last, it ends up in poverty and starvation. The main causes of those entrenched challenges are the land degradation showed in type of soil fertility decline, as introduced by varied hindrances as deforestation, overgrazing and through a consequence of wearing away, deposit, pollution, etc. Hence, the core objectives of this review are to evaluate the soil fertility status in Ethiopia, the sources of soil fertility decline and find improved resolutions to soil fertility in Ethiopia. As the physiological factors of the country are rugged with dynamical sorts of soils, preponderantly the upland wherever regarding 90% of the tillable land is concentrated, difficulties such as soil erosion, meager and incessant cultivation are the chief reasons of soil fertility loss. Thus, the application of combined soil fertility management approach with presence and mixture of manure, compost, crop rotation, soil protection practices provides improved production and saves the soil fertility standing to an improved level. The apply undertaken by the government of Ethiopia, is that the application of optimum rate of fertilizers, but it's not thriving as a results of various factors like amendment of agroecology, edaphic factors, the social and economic state of affairs of the farmer, repair to property combined soil fertility management to get high yield while not compromising the soil fertility position within the future, this can be broad and needed to be followed.

Soil fertility depletion is the most important concern all over the world mainly in Sub-Saharan African. The principal one is N fertilizer and it is the most yield-limiting nutrients for crop growth, development as well as production. However, most farmers applied a limited N fertilizer rate for tef production. Hence, a study was to investigate the effects of four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N/ha −1 ), on the grain yield of tef. The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in East Badewacho district at the farmers training center in the 2019 cropping season. All the relevant data were collected and then subjected to SAS software 9.4 and mean differences were compared using LSD at 5%. The effects of the N rate showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all parameters of tef studied. Application of N rate at 90 kg ha −1 was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) improved yield and yield components of tef. Furthermore, N rates increased the magnitudes of all the important yield attributes. Hence, it is tentatively thinkable to conclude that a further supply of N fertilizer rate advances yields components of crops. Thus,

In Ethiopia, the spice Korarima is one of the most important cash crops. The Jimma agricultural research institute recently gathered a large number of Korerima genotypes from Ethiopia's key growing regions to analyze genetic variations between genotypes and produce varieties. However, no characterization or genetic variability research has begun in these korerima collections. Thus, character association and path coefficient analysis was performed on twenty-five Korarima germplasm samples collected from various agro-ecological regions of Ethiopia to estimate the extent of correlation between characters at the phenotypic and genotypic levels, and compare the direct and indirect effects of the characters on yield. Each incomplete block has a 5 × 5 simple lattice design with two replications and five accessions in Jimma agricultural research center during the 2020 main cropping season. Nine plants were planted in each plot, with a row and plant spacing of 1.8 m. The genotypes were grown under Sesbania shade trees. At both the genotypic and phenotypic levels of significance, yield per plant had a positive and significant relationship with the total tiller, bearing tiller, number of leaves per stem, number of capsules per plant, the weight of fresh capsule, and length of dry capsule, indicating the possibility of correlated response to selection. The number of capsules per plant had the greatest direct effect on yield, according to genotypic path analysis. This proves that the correlation is real and that direct selection using these features will be quite effective. The diameter of the dry capsule, total tiller, dry capsule weight, and fresh capsule length all have a direct positive effect on yield. Varietal, environmental, and edaphic elements, as well as management practices, might all contribute to the variation. The findings might help with future breeding and quality-improvement efforts.

Agroforestry is land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials are deliberately used on equivalent land management units as crops and/or animals. Its systems combine tree growing with the assembly of different crops or animals. Hence, developing positive ecological and economic interactions between components, agroforestry systems aim to produce a variety of environmental, economic and social advantages to farming communities. It plays a major role in soil conservation and global climate change mitigation particularly due to its tree component. Trees control soil degradation through their roots and accumulate greenhouse emission (GHG) in their biomass. What is more, it conjointly helps in global climate change adaptation. It’s a long-time undeniable fact that despite our gift effort at global climate change mitigation (GHG reduction), there is an additional pressing ought to address the impact of global climate change (adaptation). Peoples ought to be acutely aware regarding the scope and advantages of agroforestry and that they ought to participate in the implementation and development of agroforestry within the country. Thus, this paper reviews different analysis findings on the opportunities and challenges for scaling up agroforestry practices. Therefore, the agroforestry system is economically and ecologically sound practices with an improvement of overall farm productivity, soil enrichment through litterfall, maintaining environmental services like international global climate change mitigation (carbon sequestration), phytoremediation, watershed protection and biodiversity conservation.