, President Clinton ordered a missile attack on Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad. The president's approval level surged-a textbook example of a "rally." But who rallied? Previous studies of rallies have relied on aggregate data, preventing analysts from determining who switched from nonapproval to approval of the president in response to a rally event. The CBS News/ New York Times Poll interviewed a national sample of adults right before the attack and reinterviewed 622 of the same respondents immediately following. Employing this panel study, we find that those who rallied were those most disposed to support the president in the first place. Exposure to the news media also plays a role in reinforcing the impact of positive views of the president's handling of foreign policy. Thus, more than patriotic fervor is involved in rallies. Rather than being a distinctive phenomenon, a rally event seems to be simply an additional force that pushes potential supporters over the threshold of approval. "n June 26, 1993, President Bill Clinton ordered the U.S. navy to launch 23 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Iraq's intelligence headquarters in downtown Baghdad. The U.S. attack was in response to Iraq's role in a conspiracy to assassinate former President George Bush during a visit to Kuwait. Two hours later the president went on national television and condemned Saddam Hussein as ruling "by atrocity" and declared that the Iraqi conspiracy against President Bush "was an attack against our country and against all Americans." On June 21 to 24, the CBS News/New York Times Poll interviewed a random sample of 1,363 adults around the U.S., excluding Alaska and Hawaii. On June 27, 622 of the same respondents were re-interviewed to gauge their reactions to the attack on Iraq. (A comparison of the composition of the two samples appears in appendix A.) Among those interviewed both before and immediately following the missile attack, general approval of the way President Clinton was handling his job as The authors would like to thank the CBS News/New York Times Poll for the data used in this paper, with special thanks to Kathy Frankovic. They also wish to thank B. Dan Wood and Guy Whitten for their helpful advice.
Visits to the emergency department (ED) are costly, and because some of them are potentially avoidable, some types of ED visits also may be indicative of poor care management, inadequate access to care, or poor choices on the part of beneficiaries. Billings and colleagues developed an algorithm to analyze ED visits and assign probabilities that each visit falls into several categories of appropriateness. The algorithm has been used previously to assess the appropriateness of ED visits at the community or facility level. In this analysis, the authors explain how the Billings algorithm works and how it can be applied to individual physician practices. The authors then present illustrative data from 2 years of Medicare claims data from 5 states. About one third of ED visits are deemed appropriate, and about half could have been treated in a primary care outpatient setting. Another 15% were deemed preventable or avoidable.
In 1986 the dominant form of the Fortune 500 industrial corporation changed from the multidivisional form (MDF) to the multisubsidiary form (MSF) (Zey and Camp 1996). We examine two major organizational perspectives (historical managerialism and agency theory) and an alternative perspective, the political economy contingency theory of capital accumulation (PECTA), to explain the transformation of Fortune 500 corporate form from MDF to MSF. Using event history analysis, we analyze data from 1981-1995 to define the covariates of this change, thereby predicting the risk of change to the now dominant MSF. The historical managerialism model considers assets as an indicator of size, operating profit margin as an indicator of efficiency, and return on sales as an indicator of profitability. The two major variables of the agency theory model are cash flow and debt-to-equity ratio. The alternative PECTA model considers tax savings resulting from changes brought about by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, percentage of shares held by institutional investors, shareholder return on equity, production-to-administrative intensity, dollar amount of acquisitions, and dollar amount of divestitures. Controlling for the natural log of gross assets, which has the strongest relationship to risk of transformation in dominant form from MDF to MSF, we found that the percentage of shares held by institutional investors, the sum of tax-free transactions (spin-offs, split-offs, and stock swaps), the total merger and acquisition activity, and the two-year lagged difference in the rate of first-level subsidiarization all had significant effects on the transformation of corporate form from the MDF to the now dominant MSF.During the late 1970s and early 1980s, internal control systems of corporations largely failed to increase productivity, rate of profitability, and workers' wages. In 1986, business policy makers responded to the forces that rendered internal control mechanisms
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