Understanding melting processes in refractory materials under external stresses is important and can be of particular interest in harsh environment applications ranging from aerospace to nuclear and fusion energy where these materials have to simultaneously withstand the effect of high temperatures and complex stress states in such ways, that a melting process might be initiated in extreme conditions. However, most if not all of the prior research was focused on melting phenomena in the presence of hydrostatic compression. In our work, we investigate melting phenomena in pure tungsten under uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, hydrostatic tension, and shear stress states. We explore these relationships numerically by molecular dynamics simulations employing extended Finnis–Sinclair (EFS) potential and two-phase method and compare our results with theoretical and experimental findings reported in the literature. The melting behaviour was investigated for all the studied stress states and compared both quantitatively and qualitatively on the basis of equivalent strain, Cauchy stress tensor invariants, and maximum shear stress. For uniaxial tension, hydrostatic tension, and shear stress an abrupt decline of stress-induced melting point values was detected after certain critical stress values. New high-temperature thermo-mechanical results are correlated with intricate structural changes taking place on the atomic scale during metal-melt phase transition.
Drinking water scarcity is becoming an urgent problem worldwide, and it affects developing and developed countries alike. Kazakhstan is not an exception and has its primary sources of drinking water (groundwater, rivers, and lakes) continuously depleted and polluted; moreover, the country will be close to its exploitation limits within the following decades. However, modern technologies allow us to harvest drinking water from unintegrated sources, like the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to research which non‐conventional technologies can be used to obtain drinking water from unintegrated sources for the country, considering the cost, viability of use through the year, and local climate conditions. Thus, the present assessment was performed for the 14 demographic regions in Kazakhstan and two city‐states, and a map depicting the most feasible technology for each region is presented, including their levelized cost per liter. Seven mature technologies were found to be feasible in Kazakhstani year‐round climates. However, Air AW3 technology and Artificial Glaciers (AG) were the most cost‐effective for family‐size and village‐size solutions, respectively. The water provided via utility pipelines proved to be the most cost‐effective manner, when available, to supply drinking water at a family‐size scale, but found a less expensive competitor in the AG technology for village‐size solutions. Moreover, the lack of utility water pipelines in some Kazakhstani regions, principally countryside rural areas, makes it vital to deploy and implement these alternative water‐harvesting technologies to guarantee the future water security of these regions.
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