This study demonstrated that performing NOTES is significantly more challenging for surgeons than laparoscopy. The greater amount of muscular exertion required is linked to higher ergonomic risks. Based on the depth and strength of our results, we propose that an alternative NOTES platform be designed, one that overcomes the awkward operational mechanism of the dual-working-channel flexible endoscope.
We describe an immersive and distributed 3D medical system that uses a Two-Handed Interface (THI) to enable intuitive interaction with multimedia objects and space. Previous studies have shown a THI to be useful compared to standard keyboard-and mouse interfaces. The current work examined the utility of a THI in virtual, avatar-to-avatar collaboration (i.e. two THI users in a shared virtual space, with one acting as a subject and one as a mentor). Twenty-five medically trained participants carried out the tasks of (1) navigation through virtual environments, (2) acquisition of shared visual perspective, and (3) precision manipulation of virtual objects. All tasks were carried out by each participant in face-to-face and in avatarto-avatar mentoring conditions. Results show avatar-to-avatar collaboration to be faster on all three types of tasks than face-to-face collaboration (p<.01). Using a THI, virtual telecollaboration was more effective than in-person collaboration in these virtual tasks.
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