Improvements in technology have allowed more precise measurements of regional fat distribution and also present the opportunity to make a systematic evaluation of the various fat depots, including intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAF), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAF), trunk fat, arm fat, and leg fat. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the fat distribution variables (arm fat, leg fat, trunk fat, IAF, or SAF) may have independent relations with cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors [serum triacylglycerol, serum cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, VLDL3 cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure] in women after adjusting for age, menopause status, and other fat-distribution variables. Two hundred twenty-four (138 premenopausal and 86 postmenopausal) white females ranging in age from 17 to 77 y were sampled. Percentage body fat ranged from 8.8% to 48.1% and IAF cross sections ranged from 9.2 to 335 cm2. Simple zero-linear correlations and partial correlations were calculated. IAF and trunk fat were consistently positively related to CVD risk factors, whereas leg fat was consistently negatively related to CVD risk, indicating that IAF and trunk fat may put women at increased risk of developing CVD.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a total body strength-training program on changes in total and regional body composition, in particular intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), in older women. Fourteen healthy older women (mean age 67 +/- 1 yr) exercised 3 times/wk for 16 wk. Strength was assessed by one-repetition maximum tests, with training intensity gradually increased to approximately 67% of one repetition maximum. Body composition was measured by hydrodensitometry and regional body composition was measured by computed tomography. Strength was significantly increased in the upper (51%) and lower body (65%). There was no significant change in body weight (64.4 +/- 2.7 vs. 64.2 +/- 2.7 kg), total body fat (38.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 38.0 +/- 1.6%) or fat-free mass (39.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 40.0 +/- 0.9 kg). However, after ST, there were significant reductions in IAAT (143.9 +/- 13.3 vs. 130.0 +/- 12.4 cm2), the IAAT-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (0.48 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.04), and midthigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (141.7 +/- 11.5 vs. 133.6 +/- 10.8 cm2) and an increase in midthigh muscle (52.9 +/- 2.6 vs. 58.0 +/- 2.0 cm2) (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, significant reductions in IAAT and an increase in strength and muscle area were observed after a strength-training program in healthy older women. These changes may be important in preventing the negative health outcomes associated with the age-related increase in intra-abdominal obesity.
The purposes of this study were 1) to derive a prediction equation for estimating the intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with computed tomography (CT) scans as the criterion method, 2) to examine whether a smaller, more specific region was a better estimator of IAAT than the trunk alone by drawing three regions of interest (upper trunk, lower trunk, and pelvis) in the DXA scan, and 3) to cross-validate the newly developed equations and earlier equations by Svendsen. Body composition was measured in 206 pre- and postmenopausal women by anthropometry, DXA, and CT. Subjects were randomly divided into estimation (n = 151) and validation (n = 55) samples. Body-composition variables were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression to determine equations to estimate IAAT. The two equations developed to estimate IAAT both yielded an R2 of 0.81 when using the following variables: 1) sagittal diameter, age, waist circumference, and DXA trunk percent fat, and 2) sagittal diameter, age, waist circumference, and DXA pelvic percent fat. The R2 between the actual IAAT and estimates of IAAT for both equations was 0.81, whereas the R2 values were 0.63 and 0.71 for the Svendsen equations. In conclusion, we developed new equations using DXA and other simple measures that can be used to estimate IAAT in women of varying ages and body compositions.
The purpose of this study was to report the relationship between fat distribution, physical activity (PA), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Percent fat, computed tomography intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAF), anthropometrics, Baecke activity questionnaire, and CVD risk (blood pressure, cholesterol, HDL, HDL2, HDL3, IDL, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides) were evaluated in 137 men 30-71 yr old. IAF was consistently more highly related to CVD risk than other fat distribution variables including percent fat and waist:hip ratio (r = 0.3-0.45). IAF was significantly related to CVD risk after adjusting for other fat distribution variables. With the exception of the sum of biceps, triceps, thigh, and calf skinfolds (peripheral skinfolds), which was negatively related to CVD risk, no other fat distribution variable had consistent significant partial correlations with CVD risk. PA was related to IAF after adjusting for peripheral skinfolds, but PA was not related to peripheral skinfolds after adjusting for IAF, indicating more active men have relatively low IAF. IAF was related to CVD risk after adjusting for PA, but PA was not related to CVD risk after adjusting for IAF. These results indicate that IAF is directly related to CVD risk while the lower CVD risk found with more active men is more directly related to the low IAF found in more active men.
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