Scientific evidence shows that dietary patterns are associated with the risk of IBD, particularly among unhealthy and Western dietary patterns. However, Western dietary patterns are not exclusive to Western countries, as Jordanians are steadily moving towards a Western lifestyle, which includes an increased consumption of processed foods. This study aims to investigate the association between dietary patterns and the risk factors for IBD cases among Jordanian adults. This case-control study was conducted between November 2018 and December 2019 in the largest three hospitals in Jordan. Three hundred and thirty-five Jordanian adults aged between 18–68 years were enrolled in this study: one hundred and eighty-five IBD patients who were recently diagnosed with IBD (n = 100 for ulcerative colitis (UC) and n = 85 for Crohn’s disease (CD)) and 150 IBD-free controls. Participants were matched based on age and marital status. In addition, dietary data was collected from all participants using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine the dietary patterns. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a multinomial logistic regression model. Two dietary patterns were identified among the study participants: high-vegetable and high-protein dietary patterns. There was a significantly higher risk of IBD with high-protein intake at the third (OR, CI: 0.136 (0.068–0.271)) and fourth (OR, CI: 0.126 (0.064–0.248)) quartiles in the non-adjusted model as well as the other two adjusted models. In contrast, the high-vegetable dietary pattern shows a significantly protective effect on IBD in the third and fourth quartiles in all the models. Thus, a high-vegetable dietary pattern may be protective against the risk of IBD, while a high-protein dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of IBD among a group of the Jordanian population.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the intestine that affects adults more than children, and can be associated with serious long-term complications like colon cancer. Nutrition has an important role in the management of patients with IBD which can ameliorate macro and micro-nutrient deficiencies in these individuals, and may reverse the physiopathological consequences of such deficiencies, and exert an anti-inflammatory therapeutic benefit. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the differences between macro and micro-nutrients intake among IBD cases and IBD-free controls in a selected sample of Jordanian adults. Methods: A case control study was conducted between November 2018 and December 2019. Three hundred thirty-five Jordanian adults aged between 18-68 years were recruited: 185 were recently diagnosed with IBD (100 (n = UC) and 85 (n = CD)) and 150 IBD-free controls. Nutrients intake and dietary data were collected from all participants using validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: The IBD group showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher intake of energy from fat, saturated fat, amount of total protein, carbohydrates, sugars, fiber, MUFA, trans-fat and cholesterol compared to the control group. Besides, the IBD group showed significant (p < 0.05) higher intakes of vitamins A, D, E, B12, C and folate, beta-carotene, retinol, calcium, potassium, iron, Omega-3 and Omega-6 when compared to the control group. However, the control group had a higher intakes of vitamin K and caffeine when compared to the IBD group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Nutrients consumption in IBD patients often changes because of the impaired digestive tract function which may negatively impact the intake and status of macro-and micronutrients. Patients with IBD had a higher intake of some macro and micro-nutrients when compared to the control group, while the control group had higher intake of vitamin K and caffeine when compared to the IBD.

Many dietary and lifestyle factors are found to be associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. The purpose of this study is to review the dietary and lifestyle factors associated with IBD. Several studies in IBD were discussed, and highlighted the independent effects of various dietary and lifestyle factors on the risk of IBD. IBD is chronic relapsing intestinal inflammatory disease characterized by complex interactions of multiple factors including smoking, major life stressors, diet and lifestyle.  This paper attempts to investigate the association between dietary patterns and IBD risk and compare lifestyle factors among IBD patients. Dietary factors tend to play a pivotal role in the disease etiopathogenesis and course. However, research on food and IBD is contradictory. An excessive intake of sugar and animal fat is considered a risk factor for the development of IBD, whereas a high fiber diet and high intake of fruits and vegetables may play a protective effect.  The role of lifestyle factors in IBD is crucial. Amply of evidence suggested that smoking is a causative agent in CD while it is protective against UC. Stress, depression, vitamin D deficiency and impaired sleep have all been all associated with incident IBD. A diet with a modified carbohydrate composition, a semi-vegetarian diet, a diet low in protein and fat and a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols should be taken into consideration for IBD patients.