Background: The assessment of biosafety of pharmacologically active substances is crucial for determining the feasibility of their medical use. There are controversial issues regarding the use of substances of different origins as implants. Methods: We have conducted the comprehensive studies to determine the in vivo toxicity and in vitro genotoxicity of new generation of hydrophilic gel for implantation (production name of the substance "Activegel") to detail its characteristics and assess its biosafety. Results: In vivo studies have shown the absence of clinical manifestations of intoxication in animals and no abnormalities in their physiological condition, general and biochemical blood tests. Evaluation of the site of the gel application showed no inflammatory reaction and evidenced on normal state of tissues of animal skin. The results of the genotoxicity test indicated that the gel did not affect the parameters of DNA comets and, accordingly, had no genotoxic effect on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. When studying the effect of the gel on malignantly transformed cells in vitro, it was found that the gel for implantation did not change the proliferative activity and viability of human breast cancer cells. Conclusions: Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo study using various experimental model systems showed that the hydrophilic gel for implantation "Activegel" is non-toxic.
Factors and consequences of the relationship between language and politics and parameters of language competition in international relations: structuring on the example of the European Union
Розглянуто англомовний вплив на формування лінгвістичного пейзажу Львова, його сутність та ознаки. Визначена залежність лінгвістичного ландшафту українського міста від мовної політики центральної влади, від її ідеологічних поглядів та зовнішньополітичних орієнтацій. Підкреслено вплив історичної традиції на ста влення населення Львова до англомовного контенту міського лінгвістичного пейзажу. Наголошено на необхідності регулювання пропорцій співвідношення української та англійської мов при формуванні лінгвістичного пейзажу Львова.
The article is devoted to analyzing the relationship between language and language policy, on one hand, and ethnicity, identity, statehood and culture, on the other hand. On this basis, the author expanded theoretical understanding of the issues of language and politics, language in politics and politics in language, and thus the problem of relationship between language and politics. It was argued that the relationship studied is always multifaceted and almost never is subjected to one-vector systematization, since language is politicized very often. In general, it was stated that the official means of communication, which have historically been and still remain national or ethnic languages, are characterized by both advantages and disadvantages. However, language is inextricably linked to culture, ethnicity and identity, and the latter ones are linked to the economy. Therefore, language is not only a means of communication and an element of culture, but also a socio-political tool.
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