Arquitectura de tierra: el adobe 177 ResumenEl adobe como material de construcción para uso habitacional ha sido utilizado por miles de años por los pueblos indígenas de América, tanto en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos como en Mesoamérica y la región andina en Sudamérica. Actualmente el 50 por ciento de las casas del mundo están construidas con este material. La utilización del adobe representa una alternativa viable para resolver el problema de la falta de vivienda, a través de la propuesta de una casa autoconstruible de bajo costo. Sin embargo, una limitante para desarrollar tal alternativa consiste en que la mayoría de las técnicas constructivas tradicionales que utilizan materiales obtenidos a partir del suelo son resultado del conocimiento empírico. Dicho conocimiento generalmente es asistemático, varía en cada cultura y región y carece de una terminología interdisciplinaria. Por lo tanto, difícilmente esta opción ofrece, de modo directo, una base tecnológica universalmente válida.El objetivo de este artículo consiste en contribuir al conocimiento formal relacionado con la naturaleza intrínseca y propiedades diagnósticas de uno de los materiales prehispánicos de construcción más extensamente utilizado: el adobe. Para ello, se considera viable la implementación de técnicas de medición de sus características. Con esta finalidad fueron seleccionadas y analizadas seis muestras de adobe prehispánico provenientes de los sitios arqueológicos de Zethé y Sabina Grande; ambos próximos a Huichapan, Hidalgo.Para caracterizar formalmente a las muestras de adobe se utilizaron métodos analíticos aceptados por la Sociedad Internacional de la Ciencia del Suelo, así como por la Sociedad Americana de Pruebas y Materiales (American Society for Testing and Materials). Estos métodos incluyeron análisis físicos y químicos de rutina, complementados con análisis selectos, entre ellos: (i) determinación cuantitativa del tamaño de partícula, (ii) análisis micromorfológico, (iii) difracción por rayos X y (iv) fluorescencia de rayos X.Las muestras analizadas se caracterizan por presentar las siguientes variables de orden cualitativo y cuantitativo: (i) domina una matriz de textura franca; (ii) muestran contenidos bajos a moderados de arcilla 1:1; (iii) predomina una densidad aparente alta; (iv) bajo coeficiente de extensión linear; (v) consistencia estable; (vi) retención de agua moderada a 33 y 1500 kPa; (vii) reacción alcalina predominante; (viii) reacción a la fenolftaleina baja a moderada; (ix) contenido pobre a moderadamente pobre de materia orgánica y de carbono total; (x) contenido bajo de CaO total; (xi) fracción arena dominada por vidrio y minerales volcánicos primarios; (xii) fracción arcilla dominada por cuarzo, feldespatos y haloisita; y (xiii) arreglo micromorfológico y composición mineralógica similares al de un aluvión vulcanogénico. Es posible suponer que estas características le confirieron a los adobes estudiados propiedades físicas y mecánicas de calidad aceptable como material de construcción.Por otra parte, resu...
Summary Red palaeosols of the late Pleistocene‐early Holocene, both buried and non‐buried, were studied recently in Sonora (NW Mexico) to reconstruct their pedogenesis as well as the palaeoenvironmental conditions. The alluvial palaeosol‐sedimentary sequence of the La Playa archaeological site is a key locality for the buried San Rafael palaeosol, which exhibits a 2Ah‐2Bw‐2BCk‐3Bgk profile and was defined as a Chromic Cambisol. Radiocarbon dates from pedogenic carbonates and charcoal set the soil formation interval between > 18 000 and 4300 calibrated years before present (cal. year BP). Micro‐morphological observations together with profile distribution of clay, carbonates, organic carbon, pedogenic iron oxides and rock magnetic properties indicated a strong eluvial‐illuvial redistribution of carbonates, moderate silicate weathering and gleying in the lower horizon. Although this soil was much more developed than the overlying syn‐sedimentary late Holocene Fluvisols, clay mineral composition and stable carbon isotope signatures of humus and carbonates were similar in both soils. We suggest that pedogenesis of the San Rafael palaeosol took place under a slightly more humid climate and relative geomorphic stability. This agrees with the regional palaeoclimate reconstruction, which indicates a moister climate during the Late Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 2). An abrupt termination of the San Rafael pedogenesis marked by disturbance and aridization features in the Ap horizon of the palaeosol could be linked to a global drought around 4200 years cal. year BP. Surface Chromic Cambisols in northern Sonora show similar pedogenetic characteristics to the buried red palaeosols of La Playa. They appear to be a relict component of the present day soil mantle.
Key evidence of human occupation in Africa during the Middle Palaeolithic (Middle Stone Age [MSA]) is available from the south and east of the continent, where semi-arid climate prevails. Rare evidence of MSA human occupation in the humid tropical region was recently reported from Equatorial Guinea. To identify if paleolithic human occupation occurred in the tropical forest, the stratigraphy of the recently discovered archaeological site “Mabewele I” was analyzed using a paleopedological approach. The properties evaluated along a vertical profile are: granulometry, magnetic susceptibility (K), free iron extractable with sodium dithionite (Fed), total organic carbon (TOC), chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction mineralogy (XRD), ternary plot of the three main oxides (SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3), phytoliths and micromorphology. The predominant fraction is sand, with a significant clay content (> 30 %). The K and the Fed presented low values, as well as the TOC. XRF showed few variations along the sequence and XRD showed that the clays are mainly kaolinites, with a very low component of vermiculites. The phytoliths correspond to tropical vegetation with few changes in the vegetal composition between the deep and superficial zones. A charcoal from the lower part of the profile was dated between 12.57-12.24 ka cal BP, while the main artifact horizon was located at the bottom. The analytical results appear contradictory: on the one hand, there is evidence of intense chemical weathering under a humid tropical climate, but the clay cutans in the pores are very scarce and incipient and the iron nodules are mostly anorthic. This indicates that the sequence is composed of pedosediments associated with a high environmental dynamism, with short periods of erosion-sedimentation-pedogenesis. The results allow us to propose that humans inhabited the tropical forest during the MSA and that erosion-sedimentation processes could be related to anthropization processes.
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