The application of globalization theory to colonial contexts in recent years has emphasized articulations of the colonized and the colonizers. For the Mediterranean Iron Age, focus has been upon expressions of local (colonized) identities, and of regional variabilities of the overseas Greeks and Phoenicians; any attention to the engagements that the Greeks and Phoenicians had with one another during this time has been solely contrapositive in the framing of arguments. The present study examines the background to this circumstance before addressing specifically the engagement between these global cultures on a Mediterranean-wide scale during the period of their overseas foundations. Regarded from the perspective of a globalization framework, the common sets of practices and shared bodies of knowledge reveal a deep complexity of intercultural contact during the Iron Age, reminding us that cultures should never be considered in isolation.
Intermarriage in the Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily has long fascinated scholars, many of whom view the presence of Italian fibulae in otherwise materially Greek graves as the result of intermarriage between Greek colonial men and local, native women. A reconsideration of the evidence suggests that the hypothesis cannot be generalized for all the early colonies, particularly the Sicilian ones, where the nature of the evidence differs significantly. In Sicily, trade provides the most likely explanation for the presence of these objects in the colonies.
This report presents the main results of research activities carried out at Caltilar Hoyiik, northern Lycia, southwest Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. During this period, an international team undertook topographic, archaeological and geophysical surveys, together with artefact studies and analyses, aimed at determining the nature and extent of occupation at the site, and offering new data about the settlement history and material culture of this region in pre-Classical times. The results of this work suggest that the site was occupied from at least the fourth millennium (Late Chalcolithic) to the middle of the sixth century BC, a date that coincides with the Persian conquest of Lycia, with only scant evidence of use/occupation after this phase. In addition, the nature of our finds suggests that the site, despite its location in the summer pastures (yayla) and at a considerable altitude (1,250m), was well-connected to other Anatolian and Aegean regions, and probably served as more than just a minor seasonal agro-pastoral settlement, particularly during its Early Bronze Age and Late Iron Age periods of occupation. The evidence relevant to the second millennium BC is too limited at present to allow further interpretation about the nature of occupation at the site, but is significant per se, especially in view of the scanty archaeological remains of this period in the region, and despite the numerous references to the Lukka people and settlements available in documentary sources. OzetBu rapor, giineybati Tiirkiye'de, kuzey Likya'da bulunan Qaltilar Hoyiik'de 2008-2010 yillan arasinda yapilan ara §tirma faaliyetlerinin ana sonu^lanni kapsamaktadir. Bu sure i^inde, uluslararasi bir ekip, yerle §imin niteligini ve kapsamim belirlemek ve bu bolgenin Klasik donem oncesindeki yerle §im tarihi ve maddi kultiirii hakkinda yeni bilgiler elde etmek amaciyla, buluntu 9ah §malan ve analizler yaninda, topografik, arkeolojik ve jeofizik ara §tirmalarda bulunmu §tur. Bu gah^manm sonu9lanna gore, yerle §im yeri, en azindan dordimcii binden ba §layarak (Ge$ Kalkolitik) M.O. 6. yy'in ortalanna kadar (Pers i §galine rastlayan donem) iskan edilmi §tir, fakat bu donemden sonrasi kullanim veya iskan igin yeterli kamtlar mevcut degildir. Buna ek olarak, buluntulann niteligi bakimindan; yazlik meralarda (yayla) kurulmu § ve onemli bir yiikseklige sahip olan (1.250m) konumuna ragmen, yerle §im yerinin diger Anadolu ve Ege bolgeleriyle baglantili oldugu ve ozellikle Erken Tun9 £agi ve Ge£ Demir Qaglannda biiyiik ihtimalle, sadece kiiguk bir mevsimlik tanm alani olmaktan daha fazlasmi sundugu soylenebilir. M.O. ikinci bine ait kamtlar bu donem i$in yerle §imin niteligi asisindan daha fazla a^iklama yapmamiza §u an imkan vermeyecek kadar sinirhdir, fakat yazih kaynaklarda Lukka halkina ve yerle §imine pek 90k referans verildigi halde, ozellikle de bolgede bu doneme ait arkeolojik kalintilann yetersizligi goz oniine ahndiginda kendi ba §ma onemlidir.
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