Smaller upstream or downstream total cross-sectional area indexed for body surface area negatively influenced survival. Early survival seemed especially poor for patients with a greater number of stenotic veins and upstream pulmonary vein involvement. The total cross-sectional area indexed for body surface area measurements can help to inform prognosis and stratify patients for enrollment in clinical trials of agents directed at pulmonary vein pathology.
Primary SL appeared to be associated with a lower incidence and severity of PVO. The primary SL repair eliminated the risk of developing central PVO, although a relatively benign type of peripheral PVO could occur.
Chest US is an accurate and reproducible bedside method for diagnosing secondary pulmonary lymphangiectasia in patients with pulmonary venous obstruction. These patients may have worse prognoses.
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