Background: Epidemiological studies revealed there is a difference in susceptibility to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) because of differences in gender with age and males being more inflicted. There is a clear indication that deaths caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in males appeared at a higher rate than females across 35 nations. The implication of associated disease-risk genes, involved in the susceptibility of COVID-19 such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), has recently received considerable attention due to their role in severe injury of lung and mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry as a host receptor. Objectives: Herein, we aimed to systematically review how two main genetic polymorphisms of ACE2 (rs2106809 and rs2074192) can affect the gender susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: To conduct this systematic review, a literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Nature was made for the period 2004 to 2020. We searched for the impact of ACE2 genetic polymorphisms (rs2106809 and rs2074192) on gender susceptibility. Results: We noticed that there was a differential genotype distribution between males and females in various global populations whereas mutant variants were common in males compared to wild-type variants among females, which may reflect differences in gender susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Females are less susceptible to coronavirus as compare to males because of the expression of ACE2 receptor. It has a double role in favour of COVID-19 and against COVID-19. Conclusions: Male mortality is greater than female mortality, which might be attributed to the ACE2 deficiency in women. Epidemiological studies have shown that the differences in sex and age have different susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Since its discovery, mutations in NPM1 have been frequently associated with a large number of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patients. The vast majority of genetic changes were previously detected in exon 12, however little information report mutations in Nuclear Export Signal region (NES) of NPM1. Sequencing analysis included exon 2 and 3 for 75 Iraqi AML patients showed three SNPs, G/A792, G/A794 and G/A797 were detected within intron region of 90% AML and 70% healthy subjects. Other SNPs were only detected in AML subjects in which single nucleotide variant was identified in exon 3 of 70% AML subjects (A/G1275 rs753788683) in addition, two SNPs (G/A635 and G/A660) within intron region of 80% of AML subjects were detected. No genetic variation observed inexon 2 of amplified NPM1 gene. The correlation between MDR1 gene over expression and resistance to chemotherapy treatment showed no significant differences in gene expression between newly diagnosed and first-course induction subjects. Nevertheless, significant decreases in CT value were recorded for both the second induction AML and AML consolidation patients with p value of 0.0258 and 0.0007, respectively, as compared with healthy controls, indicating the induction of higher expression of MDR1 gene by increasing the challenge of AML patients with chemotherapy regimen.

MicroRNAs are non-coding molecules 21–23 nucleotides long that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by mRNA silencing. There is evidence that miRNA activity is associated with various types of human cancer, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. In 2020, the incidence of kidney cancer worldwide was 319,016. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with loss or mutation of the VHL gene. The aim of this study was to identify miRNAs that are expressed differently in samples of normal kidney tissue and tissue affected by clear cell renal cell carcinoma. For this study, a public miRNA dataset from ArrayExpress was obtained and post-processed. Mapping, identification of known and new microRNAs, and quantification were performed using the miRDeep2 computer program from the DESeq R/Bioconductor package. We performed target identification and functional load analysis using GeneCodis4. A total of 2656 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed, of which 229 miRNAs were overexpressed and 302 were underexpressed. In this study, we identified five miRNAs that were already known from the literature to be significantly associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. In addition, we found a set of five microRNAs that had not previously associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

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