Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs for short) causes not only packet loss and but also leads to excessive energy consumption. Therefore, congestion needs to be detected as well as controlled in order to prolong system lifetime. There are two streams to concern congestion detection including simulation-based and model-based. Following the second stream, formal modelling techniques are used for analysis of WSNs. Coloured Petri nets (CPNs for short) that combines Petri nets with programming languages is a powerful modelling technique. This paper presents a CPN-based approach for formal modelling and congestion detection of WSNs. The proposed model describes parameters and behaviours of a WSN. Then the congestion detection problem is reduced to a reachability problem on the state space of the CPN-based model. Moreover, the CPN-based model uses the hierarchical modelling capability of CPNs, including different levels of abstraction (sub-modules). This helps easily handling and extending the model. In reality, WSN components (sensors and channels) can execute a number of concurrent operations. This is called concurrency of WSNs. The CPN-based model is extended to express the concurrency, thus improving the congestion detection results.
Ethereum smart contracts based on blockchain technology are powerful and promising applications that provide a global platform for exchanging cryptocurrencies and public services. This technology are garnering a huge impact and is widely adopted in the current times as it can transform the way we transfer and exchange value by passing the need for a middleman and reducing cost. These smart contracts also represent a basis for true ownership of digital assets and a wide range of decentralized applications. Besides this, since Ethereum and its smart contracts are a publicly accessible, unchangeable and distributed platform, they are extremely vulnerable to various forms of attack, with their security becoming a top priority. However, current security-verifying programs tend to provide many technical details which are pretty hard for normal people to understand briefly. To tackle this problem, we designed a process aiming to mitigate these limitations, with our key insight being a combination of semantic structure analysis and symbolic execution on control-flow graphs (CFG for short). This article proposes a new approach for auditing Ethereum smart contracts, applying this technique would benefit both average users without any technical knowledge and security experts as well.
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