Analisis data kecelakaan jalan raya dijalankan adalah untuk tempoh empat belas tahun bermula dari tahun 1985 hingga tahun 1998 yang diperolehi dari Laporan Perangkaan Kecelakaan Jalan Raya. Bilangan kemalangan bagi setiap 1,000,000 km motosikal berdaftar meningkat dari 0.45 pada tahun 1990 kepada 0.82 pada tahun 1998 dengan peningkatan sebanyak 82.2%. Walau bagaimanapun, bilangan kematian bagi setiap 1,000 motosikal terbabit dengan kemalangan menurun dari 56.9 pada tahun 1990 kepada 41.2 pada tahun 1998. Data di atas menunjukkan langkah yang diambil untuk mengurangkan kematian pengguna motosikal telah mencapai matlamatnya, tetapi langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mengurangkan bilangan kemalangan perlu dikaji semula. Analisis data dari Laporan Perangkaan Kecelakaan Jalan Raya menunjukkan punca kemalangan adalah disebabkan oleh faktor manusia berdasarkan kepada fakta lebih 59% kemalangan berlaku di jalan lurus, lebih 59% berlaku di kawasan luar bandar dan lebih 62% yang terbabit adalah berumur di antara 10–30 tahun. Ini menunjukkan kebanyakan kemalangan berlaku adalah disebabkan oleh kecuaian, ketidakmahiran dan tidak berhemah semasa mengendali motosikal. Adalah dijangkakan kaedah cara penguatkuasaan dan pendidikan mengenai keselamatan jalan raya di peringkat sekolah rendah dapat mengurangkan kemalangan jalan raya. Analisis data juga menunjukkan pengguna motosikal mempunyai kebarangkalian yang paling rendah untuk mengalami kemalangan bagi setiap 1,000,000 km kenderaan berdaftar berdaftar jika dibandingkan dengan pengguna kenderaan yang lain.
Kata kunci: kemalangan jalan raya; motosikal; topi keledar; penguatkuasaan
Data on road crash were analyzed for a period of 14 years starting from 1985 to 1998 which was gathered from Statistical Report Road Crash. The number of accident for every 1,000,000,000 km registered motorcycle increased from 0.45 in year 1990 to 0.82 to in year 1998 with an increase of 82.2%. However, the number of death for every 1,000 motorcycle involved in accident reduced form 56.9 in year 1990 to 41.2 in year 1998. This data showed that the move taken to reduce the death of motorcycle user had achieved the target, but the moves taken to reduce the number accident need to be revised. Data analysis from Statistical Report Road Crash showed that the causes of accident were due to human factor based on the fact that more than 59% accident occurred on straight road, more than 59% occurred at rural areas and 67.2% involved in accident was between 11–30 years of age. This fact showed that most of accidents were occurred due to careless, not familiar, and not disciplines while maneuvering the motorcycle. It was taught that enforcement and education on road safety at primary school could reduce the road crash. This data analysis also showed that the motorcycle user was having a lower probability to involve in accident for every 1,000,000 km registered vehicles compared with other vehicle users.
Key words: road accident; motocycle; helmet; enforcement
Titanium carbonitride (TiCN) is a popular hard coating for carbide cutting tools in various applications. The properties of TiCN are within its composition and can be controlled by maintaining the C-N ratio within the coating to a certain level. This paper studied the influence of carbon content and coating composition within TiC x N 1−x coatings with regard to their mechanical properties. The substrate used was tungsten carbide (WC-6Co), which was prepared in-house through a powder metallurgy process, while the TiC x N 1−x coatings were deposited in-house using cathodic arc physical vapour deposition (CAPVD). TiC x N 1−x coatings improved the mechanical properties of carbide inserts. An increase in carbon content within TiC x N 1−x coatings improved surface lubricity, reduced coefficient of friction, improved surface microhardness and increased Young's modulus, but reduced thermal conductivity of carbide inserts. The colour of TiC x N 1−x coatings also changed with carbon content.
The properties of titanium carbonitride (TiCN) can be controlled by maintaining the C-N ratio within the coating to a certain level. An experimental study was carried out to vary the composition and properties of TiCN using cathodic arc physical vapour deposition (CAPVD). The substrate used was tungsten carbide (WC-6Co), which was prepared in-house through a powder metallurgy process. In order to form the TiC x N 1 − x coatings, titanium (Ti) was used as the cathode, while methane (CH 4 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) gases were used as sources for C and N, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the composition, chemical state, and bonding structure of the deposited coatings. The results show that the composition, intensity of elements, lattice parameter, and d-value of TiC x N 1 − x coatings were successfully varied by controlling the CH 4 fraction (CH 4 /N 2 ratio). With the increase in CH 4 fraction, the intensity of C and N within the TiC x N 1 − x coatings increased and decreased, respectively. Consequently, the C-Ti and C-N bonds were increased and N-Ti bonds were decreased.
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