This paper presents an experimental investigation on the influence of engine speed on the combustion characteristics of a Gardener compression ignition engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esther (RME). The engine has a maximum power of 14.4 kW and maximum speed of 1500 rpm. The experiment was carried out at speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm under loads of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 18 kg. Variations of cylinder pressure with crank angle degrees and cylinder volume have been examined. It was found that RME demonstrated short ignition delay primarily due to its high cetane number and leaner fuel properties (equivalence ratio (φ) = 0.22 at 4kg). An increase in thermal efficiency but decrease in volumetric efficiency was recorded due to increased brake loads. Variations in fuel mass flow rate, air mass flow rate, exhaust gas temperatures and equivalence ratio with respect to brake mean effective pressure at engine speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm were also demonstrated in this paper. Higher engine speed of 1250 rpm resulted in higher fuel and air mass flow rates, exhaust temperature, brake power and equivalent ratio but lower volumetric efficiency. Keywords— combustion characteristics, engine performance, engine speed, rapeseed methyl Esther
Cooling towers are devices used to dissipate waste thermal heat to the ambient environment. Appropriate cooling water and air flow rates are necessary to ensure optimum cooling power and cooling efficiency. Also, a simple design is required for cost effectiveness and minimal maintenance issues. This paper experimentally evaluates the cooling power, cooling efficiency, as well as the optimum water to air flow ratio in a spray type induced draft wet cooling tower. The cooling tower, 6 kW cooling capacity, was developed to operate without packings. The experiments were conducted for three different air flow rates and six different water flow rates. Four different inlet water temperatures of 35, 40, 45 and 50 oC were used. The temperature range is a typical range for inlet water temperature to the cooling tower for an absorption cooling system. For each of the inlet water temperatures, air and water flow rates were varied. The effects of this variation on cooling power and cooling efficiency were studied. Effect of varying water to air flow ratio on cooling power and cooling efficiency were studied. Results showed that the cooling power increased with increasing water flow rate, while the cooling efficiency decreased with increasing water flow rate. Decreasing the air flow rate was seen to cause a decrease in both cooling power and cooling efficiency. Maximum cooling power and cooling efficiency of 5.33 kW and 63% respectively were obtained. An optimum water to air flow ratio of 1.6 was obtained. The cooling tower was seen to have operated satisfactorily without packings. Keywords— cooling tower, cooling power, cooling efficiency, flow ratio, thermal energy
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