Although combined multichannel intraluminal impedance/esophageal pH monitoring (MII-pH) has replaced prolonged pH monitoring alone for assessing gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in the pediatric population, it does so in the absence of reference values for non-acid GER (NAGER). The purpose of this study was to identify a normal range of NAGER impedance values for infants and children. We evaluated EPM/MII tracings for patients referred for GER assessment to Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus, OH), Inova Children's Hospital, and Hospital Italiano (Buenos Aires, Argentina). We excluded tracings from patients who had AGER indices greater than 50 % of the upper end of normal (i.e., >3 % for children >12 months and >6 % for infants ≤ 12 months), had a positive temporal association of GER with symptoms, were on anti-reflux medications at the time of the study, and/or had a fundoplication prior to the study. We also excluded studies with durations shorter than 20 h. Values for NAGER percent time, NAGER episode frequency, frequency of proximal NAGER, and mean NAGER duration were calculated for upright position, recumbent, and total. Study population consisted of 46 infants (20 female [F]/26 male [M], median age 4.8 months [range 3 weeks-11.9 months]) with a median AGER index of 2.2 % (range 0.0-5.9 %) and 71 children (22 F/49 M, median age 7.2 years [range 1.3-17 years]) with a median AGER index of 1.1 % (range 0-3.0 %). Data are presented in tables in the text. The results of this study provide a range of values characteristic of infants and children with normal AGER indices and no positive temporal associations of GER with symptoms. These values may be used as references for comparison to identify infants and/or children who may be at risk of developing serious clinical manifestations due to abnormal patterns of GER.

Purpose Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. Over the last decade, the incidence rate has been increasing, with a larger increase among blacks. The aim of this study was to compare risk factors for EC in black and white women. Methods Data from 7 cohort and 4 case-control studies were pooled. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for each risk factor in blacks and whites separately. Results Data were pooled for 2,011 black women (516 cases and 1,495 controls) and 19,297 white women (5,693 cases and 13,604 controls). BMI ≥ 30 was associated with an approximate 3-fold increase in risk of EC in both black and white women (ORblack=2.93, 95% CI: 2.11, 4.07 and ORwhite=2.99, 95% CI: 2.74, 3.26). Diabetes was associated with a 30–40% increase in risk among both groups. Increasing parity was associated with decreasing risk of EC in blacks and whites (p-value=0.02 and <0.001, respectively). Current and former smoking was associated with decreased risk of EC among all women. Both black and white women who used oral contraceptives for 10+ years were also at reduced risk of EC (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.88 and OR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.83, respectively). Previous history of hypertension was not associated with EC risk in either group. Conclusions The major known risk factors for EC exert similar effects on black and white women. Differences in the incidence rates between the two populations may be due to differences in the prevalence of risk factors.

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