Described herein is that the catalytic construction of N-substituted five- and six-membered lactams from keto acids with primary amines by reductive amination, using an indium/silane combination. This relatively benign and safe catalyst/reductant system tolerates the use of a variety of functional groups, especially ones that are reduction-sensitive. A direct switch from synthesizing lactams to synthesizing cyclic amines is achieved by changing the catalyst from In(OAc)3 to InI3. This conversion occurs by further reduction of the lactam using the indium/silane pair.
14π‐Electrocyclization across the two pentafulvenoid moieties of pentafulvene 1 occurs upon heating to provide dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctene 2 [Eq. (1)]. The nonalternant hydrocarbon 2 shows diatropic character and a distinctive absorption spectrum with the longest wavelength maximum at 767 nm.
10Carbonate ions in LiCl-Li 2 O salt are a source of carbon contamination in the electrolytic 11 refining of metal oxides, and their concentration is also essential information for 12 understanding the CO 2 decomposition process. In this study, the solubility of gaseous 13 CO 2 in molten LiCl-Li 2 O was studied, with the goal of developing processes to 14 decompose the oxides effectively. Ar-CO 2 gas mixtures were dissolved in molten salts 15 containing various amounts of Li 2 O, and the solubility of the CO 2 gas was calculated by 16 measuring the mass difference between the molten salts before and after the CO 2 17 dissolution. The molar amount of dissolved CO 2 gas was almost as large as the molar
The electrochemical decomposition of CO2 gas to form carbon and oxygen gas was studied in CaCl2-CaO and LiCl-Li2O molten salts. A constant voltage was applied at 1173K and 923K, respectively. This process consists of (1)electrochemical reduction of oxide (formation of reductant), (2)thermal reduction of CO2 gas by reaction with the metal dissolved in the molten salt, and (3)ZrO2 anodic electrode worked as an oxygen ions conductor to remove oxygen ions from the molten salt. When 9.7 %CO2-Ar mixed gas was blown into CaCl2-CaO and LiCl-Li2O molten salts, the current efficiency was evaluated to be 78.5 % and 89.7 %, respectively, judged by the exhaust gas analysis and the supplied charge. After electrolysis, the aggregations of carbon nano-tubes and amorphous carbon particles were observed by transmission electron microscope.
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