Intermittent water supply networks risk microbial and chemical contamination through multiple mechanisms. In particular, in the cities of developing countries, where intrusion through leaky pipes are more prevalent and the sanitation systems coverage is low, contaminated water can be a public health hazard. Although countries using intermittent water supply systems aim to change to continuous water supply systems—for example, Kampala city is targeting to change to continuous water supply by 2025 through an expansion and rehabilitation of the pipe infrastructure—it is unlikely that this transition will happen soon because of rapid urbanisation and economic feasibility challenges. Therefore, water utilities need to find ways to supply safe drinking water using existing systems until gradually changing to a continuous supply system. This study describes solutions for improving water quality in Mukono town in Uganda through a combination of water quality monitoring (e.g., identifying potential intrusion hotspots into the pipeline using field measurements) and interventions (e.g., booster chlorination). In addition to measuring and analyses of multiple chemical and microbial water quality parameters, we used EPANET 2.0 to simulate the water quality dynamics in the transport pipeline to assess the impact of interventions.

The combination of aquaculture and microalgae cultivation with aquaculture effluent is a promising strategy, being economically and ecologically sustainable. This study explored the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and unintentionally cultivated microalgae with and without CO 2 injection. The microalgae were cultivated with aquaculture effluent at the rearing temperature of coho salmon (18.5°C). In addition, we conducted batch and semi-continuous cultivations with unsterilized aquaculture effluent, demonstrating the dominance of C. vulgaris. Carbon was the limiting factor for microalgal growth in the effluent, and CO 2 injection effectively enhanced the C. vulgaris growth. The highest percentage of C. vulgaris (over 99% of the total microalgal cells) was achieved by batch mode, by inoculating different amounts of C. vulgaris cells. This abundance resulted in the complete consumption of PO 4 3− in the effluent. A dominant semi-continuous cultivation of C. vulgaris, containing 82 mg/L of suspended solids, was achieved in 23 days. However, the occurrence of zooplankton grazing resulted in a sharp decrease of C. vulgaris. The cultivated C. vulgaris presented a high total content of amino acids, and the amino acid composition suggested that they could be efficiently used as protein sources for coho salmon.