A method involving the Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition of diacenaphtheno[1,2-b;1',2'-d]thiophenes (DATs) with N-alkylacenaphthylene-5,6-dicarboximides (AIs) was developed to synthesize decacyclene monoimides (DCMIs). The reactions generate the corresponding 1:2 adducts (BAIAs) as major products together with 1:1 adducts (the DCMIs). The molecular structure of BAIAb (N-octyl derivative) was unambiguously assigned as the bis-adduct having an endo,endo spatial disposition of the two acenaphthylene-5,6-dicarboximide moieties by using X-ray crystallographic analysis. Relative to the absorption spectrum of decacyclene triimide (DCTIa, N-2-ethylhexyl derivative), that of the analogous N-2-ethylhexyl-substituted monoadduct, DCMIa, is bathochromically shifted despite the fact that it possesses a less delocalized π-electron system. DCMIa does not fluoresce in various organic solvents, whereas DCTIa emits yellow fluorescence in CH Cl with a low quantum yield (Φ ). Moreover, DCMIa in CDCl displays concentration-dependent H NMR spectroscopy behavior, which suggests that it self-aggregates with an association constant (K ) of (193±50) m at 20 °C. Despite the presence of four bulky tert-butyl groups in DCMIa, its K value for aggregate formation is comparable to that of DCTIa [(495±42) m ], which does not contain tert-butyl substituents. Spectroscopic studies with the bis-adduct BAIAa (N-2-ethylhexyl derivative) show that it displays remarkable solvatofluorochromism corresponding to an emission maximum shift (Δλ ) of 100 nm. The results of density functional theory calculations on BAIAc (N-methyl derivative) demonstrate that a considerable spatial separation exists between the HOMO and LUMO coefficient distributions, which indicates that the ground-to-excited state transition of the novel three-dimensional acceptor-donor-acceptor BAIAa system should have intramolecular charge-transfer character.
This study evaluated the economic effect of material costs on an existing reinforced concrete (RC) construction and a wooden construction designed with the same scale and function. The final demand for the RC construction was 116.0 million yen, while the wooden construction was 110.7 million yen. Hence, the wooden construction was superior with respect to construction cost. The ratio of induced gross value added to the RC construction was 0.783, while to the wooden construction it was 0.722. Hence, the RC construction was superior in terms of the efficiency of economic growth. Conversely, when the domestic timber rate of the wooden building was set to 100%, the ratio of induced gross value added was 0.792. Thus, the effectiveness of using the domestic timber was confirmed. Furthermore, we examined the economic effect of domestic processing of imported timber. It showed that the effect of using the domestic processed timber was similar to the domestic timber in the plywood and laminated lumber sector. Thus, it is assumed that for the parts where laminated woods are used, such as beams, imported woods are difficult to replace with domestic woods. Consequently, from the viewpoint of economic growth, it is suggested that domestic processing should be promoted.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.