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The osseous volume of a large edentulous ridge might be clinically overestimated in preimplant diagnosis, as the relative bone width was generally lower than 50%. Clinicians can use the present results of the virtual bone and mucosa measurements to have a better first estimation of the osseous proportion depending on the maxillary area. However, up to date implant therapy for the edentulous maxilla requires CT-based prosthetically driven implant planning and preferably combination with guided implant placement by transferring planning information to a surgical template.

BackgroundProviding comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of human teeth is one of the basic functions of dental education, because a thorough understanding of their internal structure is one of the prerequisites for any successful clinical intervention. Several techniques have traditionally been employed to study and visualize the complex internal organization of human teeth. In contrast to these invasive techniques, modern imaging systems permit non-invasive analyses of the three-dimensional structure of human teeth. Owing to the relative ease of acquisition, handling, and distribution of the respective data, digital imaging techniques will also significantly influence dental education. HighlightIn this article, a broad overview of traditional and modern techniques for the visualization of internal tooth structures is provided. Emphasis is placed on micro-computed tomography systems and their application in endodontics. In addition, 3 the results derived from a comparison of histology and micro-computed tomography are presented. Apart from its utility in basic research, digital data can also be employed to create interactive three-dimensional models that are particularly suitable for teaching purposes. ConclusionNon-invasive, three-dimensional imaging techniques, in particular the various modalities of computed tomography, have ushered in a new era of endodontic studies.Owing to their digital nature, the results derived from these techniques can not only be easily analyzed and distributed but also be rapidly integrated into the teaching materials. Recent studies as well as the data shown in the present contribution suggest that digital educational materials lead to an improved understanding of the complex anatomy of human teeth.

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Aims: To analyze frequency distribution of prosthetic reconstructions and therapeutic modalities with implant-supported reconstructions (ISRs) applied in a university graduate program. Methodology: Data of implant placement and related ISR were obtained from treatment plans, surgical protocols and patients' charts, covering the 2005 to 2010 time period. Loading time, implant survival and type of ISR, i.e. fixed (single crown (SC), short-span fixed dental prosthesis (FDP), full-arch FDP (IB)) and removable ISR (denture with ball attachments (RDP), bar-supported overdenture (Bar-IOD)) were determined and analyzed with descriptive statistical methods. Results: Data of 819 patients with a mean age of 62.3 ± 11.6 years were available. Graduate students placed 2337 implants and 1133 related ISRs were fabricated. The observation time ranged from 1 to 8 years (mean 4.7 ± 1.8). The number of implants supporting fixed and removable ISRs was 1053 (45.1%) and 1284 (54.9%), respectively. The percentage distribution of implants per ISRs exhibited 337/337 SCs (14.4%), 422/190 FDPs (18.1%), 294/54 IBs (12.6%), 374/198 RDPs (16.0%) and 910/354 Bar-IODs (38.9%). Thirty-one implants were lost (12 before and 19 after loading) resulting in an 8-year cumulative survival rate of 98.6% without difference between implants of different groups (fixed vs. removable ISRs, splinted vs. non-splinted ISRs, no GBR/SFE vs. GBR/SFE, upper vs. lower jaw). Conclusions: A broad variety of fixed and removable implant supported prostheses for partially and completely edentulous patients was identified. Although these data represent learning curves for graduate students working under supervision, implant survival was successful in a short-term range.

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