Knowledge about the taxonomic and size composition of mesozooplankton is of critical importance for both fisheries and oceanography. In this study, we collected an annual time series of mesozooplankton samples in Funka Bay and analysed them using ZooScan to reveal the seasonal changes in taxonomic and size structure. Both zooplankton abundance and biovolume peaked in April and were dominated by an appendicularian Oikopleura labradoriensis which has been reported as being are being important food source for flatfish larvae. Furthermore, Noctiluca scintillans was abundant from September to December. The occurrence of this species may be related to the recent increase in the transport of Tsugaru Warm Current water into the bay. The Normalized Biomass Size Spectra (NBSS) was significant for 16 of 21 sampling dates. Insignificant NBSS, with an extremely flat slope, was observed for January-March. Significant NBSS with a flat slope was observed in April. Then, the relatively steep slopes of the NBSS were the case from mid-May to December. These seasonal changes in the slope of NBSS suggest that the energy transfer efficiency for higher trophic levels varied seasonally. The observed slopes of the NBSS in Funka Bay ranged from −1.09 to −0.30, which was flatter than the theoretical value (−1) and the previously reported values for the oceanic region of the western North Pacific. This suggests that the energy transfer efficiency to organisms at higher trophic levels in the Funka Bay is higher than in the adjacent oceanic region.
We study aerosol growth phenomena in the free-molecular regime. The growth kinetics is clarified by two different approaches, such as the Smoluchowski equation and the cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA) model. The calculated results suggest that the Smoluchowski equation gives a correct description on the aerosol formation. We also study the light scattering intensity on aggregates with non-spherical monomers. The fractal dimension of aggregates does not depend on the microscopic detail of monomers, which confirms the theoretical prediction proposed by restricted hierarchical model.
There is increasing interest in the use of hydrogen as an energy source in fuel cells, and such cells are expected to find practical applications in the near future. However, the reaction rate of a hydrogen-air mixture is so high that the deflagration wave generated during ignition can easily become a detonation wave, even though only a small amount of energy is supplied to the premixed gas. Such a detonation wave can cause serious damage because of the high-pressure and temperature at the wavefront. Despite such concerns, the onset conditions for producing a detonation wave in a non-uniform mixture of hydrogen and air have not yet been fully clarified. In the present study, these conditions were investigated by changing the concentration of hydrogen to understand the onset condition of detonation wave. A vertical detonation tube was divided into two chambers using a slide valve; the upper chamber was filled with air and the lower chamber with hydrogen. A hydrogen concentration gradient was produced by opening the valve for a specific period of time. A pair of electret sensors was used to determine the concentration of hydrogen and the equivalence ratio by measuring the speed of sound in the premixed gas. The onset conditions for detonation were investigated by changing the overall equivalence ratio, φ , and the elapsed time, t d , from the onset of diffusion. It was found that for φ = 1.67 and t d ≥ 540 s, a detonation wave was produced leading to a large increase in pressure. Furthermore, the results indicated that the local equivalence ratio in the vicinity of the spark plug had an important influence on the initiation of the detonation wave.
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