Erianthus, one of the genus in Saccharum complex, is important genetic resources for sugarcane improvement. The morphology and flowering phenology of 108 accessions belonging to Erianthus procerus and three types of E. arundinaceus collected from throughout Thailand were compared. PCA analysis based on 22 characteristics clearly supported the separation of Type II and Type III of E. arundinaceus from E. procerus and Type I of E. arundinaceus according to their morphological characteristics, particularly their bud size, and the development of root primordia, which greatly affected axis I of the PCA analysis. E. procerus and Type I showed overlapping in many of their characteristics including their flowering periods. Flower characteristics such as rachis joint length, which were used for previous taxonomic classifications, were not available for the classification of the Thai samples because of the wide variation and overlapping among them. Most of these phenotype similarities and differences are considered to have developed convergently as a result of niche adaptation. Type II and III inhabit riverbanks and streambeds where floods occur frequently, while E. procerus and Type I mainly grow in non-flooding areas such as mountainous grassland, the edge of forests, and beside fields. All Thai Erianthus show unique geographic distributions in Thailand. In particular, the biogeographic boundary between Type II and Type III appeared to be located at the Isthmus of Kra. Although some types showed morphological similarities, reproductive isolation among the four groups seemed to be maintained by differentiation in geographic distribution, habitat preference, and flowering timing.
Summary Erianthus is a genus related to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and is considered to be useful as a genetic resource for sugarcane breeding because of its advantageous characteristics, such as its high biomass yield, robustness, drought tolerance, and disease resistance. In order to evaluate and classify Erianthus germplasms collected in Thailand, the chromosome numbers of 7 accessions of E. procerus and 13 accessions of E. arundinaceus were examined. All accessions of E. procerus have a chromosome number of 2nϭ40, while E. arundinaceus displays 2 cytotypes, 2nϭ40 and 2nϭ60. These observations suggest that various Erianthus genetic resources are present in Thailand.
To obtain nutritional information for sugarcane cross-breeding aimed feed utilization, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and in situ dry matter degradability (DMD) of each of the ten accessions of Erianthus spp., Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum spp. hybrids at 6 (6M) and 12 months (12M; after regrowth) were evaluated. For Erianthus spp. and S. spontaneum, the DMD at 48 h after incubation (DMD48h) and the corrected DMD48h (CDMD48h, expressed as DMD48h minus DMD0h) at 6M, exceeded those at 12M. Conversely, for Saccharum spp. hybrids, while the CDMD48h at 6M exceeded that at 12M, the DMD48h at 6M was lower than that at 12M. Compared to all other species, Saccharum spp. hybrids exhibited the highest DMD48h and CDMD48h. It was considered that a harvest with highest DMD could be obtained during the early growing stages in Erianthus spp. and S. spontaneum, but during a later growing stage in Saccharum spp. hybrids. DMD48h of Erianthus spp. correlated negatively with DM, NDFom and ADFom contents at 6 and 12 months after regrowth respectively. The ADL content of S. spontaneum correlated negatively with pooled DMD48h (r = -0.63; P < 0.01) and tended to correlate negatively with pooled CDMD48h (r = -0.47; P < 0.10). The NDFom and ADFom contents of Saccharum spp. hybrids correlated negatively with pooled DMD48h and positively with pooled CDMD48h, whereas these correlations were more affected by advancing maturity rather than the characteristics of accessions. These results suggest that DM and the fiber degradability of the accessions of genus Saccharum and Erianthus spp. could be estimated from certain chemical components, when selecting highly digestible accessions.
Northeastern Thailand has little rainfall and requires efficient irrigation development to enhance stable sugarcane production. However, identifying the highest priority areas for irrigation development is complex because the benefit derived from irrigation development depends on rainfall, available irrigation water, and soil characteristics. We used the CANEGRO model to simulate the sugarcane yield of existing cultivation areas under rainfed and irrigated conditions, taking into account actual weather and soil type. We then calculated the benefit of the irrigation development using the simulation results and actual data for groundwater well capacities, sugarcane prices, and irrigation development and running costs. We then analysed the results of the benefit calculation by ABC analysis and the decision tree method. The decision tree analysis confirmed that well capacity most influenced benefit. Areas with higher rainfall had high yields under rainfed condition, so the benefit from irrigation was small (or even negative as the cost of irrigation exceeded the increased income). A notable finding was that low soil available water content resulted in low yields in both rainfed and irrigated conditions, and high available water content resulted in high yields under rainfed conditions; therefore, both low and high available water content resulted in low benefit from irrigation development.
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