The current case further expands the phenotypic spectrum of mild presentations of RAG deficiency, and suggests that TRECs and KRECs are useful markers for detecting hidden severe, as well as mild, cases.
Background:
Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important problems in long-term follow-up for Noonan syndrome. We examined cardiovascular issues and clinical manifestations, with a focus on the cardiovascular disease and prognosis of patients with Noonan syndrome.
Methods:
This single-centre study evaluated patients who were clinically and genetically diagnosed with Noonan syndrome.
Results:
Forty-three patients diagnosed with Noonan syndrome were analysed. The most prevalent responsible mutation was found in PTPN11 (25/43). The second and third most prevalent causative genes were SOS1 (6/43) and RIT1 (5/43), respectively, and 67.4% of genetically diagnosed patients with Noonan syndrome had structural cardiovascular abnormalities. Pulmonary valve stenosis was prevalent in patients with mutations in PTPN11 (8/25), SOS1 (4/6), and RIT1 (4/5). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found in two of three patients with mutations in RAF1. There was no difference in the cardiovascular events or cardiovascular disease prevalence in patients with or without PTPN11 mutations. The proportion of RIT1 mutation-positive patients who underwent intervention due to cardiovascular disease was significantly higher than that of patients with PTPN11 mutations. Patients who underwent any intervention for pulmonary valve stenosis exhibited significantly higher pulmonary flow velocity than patients who did not undergo intervention, when they visited our hospital for the first time. All patients who underwent intervention for pulmonary valve stenosis had a pulmonary flow velocity of more than 3.0 m/s at first visit.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that genetic information can provide a clinical prognosis for cardiovascular disease and may be part of genotype-based follow-up in Noonan syndrome.
A 14-year-old boy was admitted in the former hospital with remittent fever, erythematous rash, joint pain, and muscle pain. Antibiotics were ineffectively administered and then, methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy with methotrexate was introduced under the diagnosis of suspected systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). However, he still had clinical symptoms and signs, and was transferred to our hospital. Re-examination revealed no malignancies including acute leukemia by bone marrow aspiration, no infectious agents by septic work, and no significant increases of antibodies against several viruses including CMV, EBV, HSV, Parvovirus B19, adenovirus, and so forth. FDG-PET demonstrated the accumulation of 18 F-FDG in bone marrows suggesting systemic JIA. Laboratory findings were leukocytosis and granulocytosis, elevated levels of C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, and interleukin-6. He was finally diagnosed as having severe systemic JIA. Thus, soon after the additional mPSL pulse therapy, tocilizumab (TCZ) was successfully introduced. In conclusion, for systemic JIA patients with severe systemic inflammation, it will be reasonable to introduce tocilizumab earlier than the guideline suggested to reduce side effects of long-term and large amounts of steroids and to protect the transition to macrophage activation syndrome. Further studies will be needed to recommend appropriate timing of tocilizumab introduction.
What are the novel findings of this work?Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) maximum velocity is a known predictor of postnatal biventricular circulation in fetuses with tricuspid valve dysplasia or Ebstein's anomaly. We have established an approach that combines TR maximum velocity and change in pressure over time of the TR jet (dP/dt), which may allow prediction of biventricular circulation after birth with greater accuracy.
What are the clinical implications of this work?Combining TR maximum velocity and dP/dt can predict accurately the establishment of biventricular circulation after birth in fetuses with tricuspid valve dysplasia or Ebstein's anomaly. This approach is based on only assessment of TR waveforms in late gestation, making it simple to use.
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