Na0.50K0.45Li0.05)NbO3 (NKLN) powder was synthesized by the malic acid complex solution method, and NKLN solid solutions were then fabricated at firing temperatures of 900−1050°C using a conventional solid-state reaction technique. The piezoelectric properties of the resulting materials were measured, and samples produced at 950°C were found to exhibit the maximum d33 and kp values of 151 pC/N and 32%, respectively. On the basis of a local structural analysis using high-energy X-ray diffraction, the distortion of NbO6 octahedra, which is the origin of the ferroelectric properties, also exhibited a maximum at 950°C. Thus, this is the optimal firing temperature for fabricating NKLN samples with excellent piezoelectric properties and the largest NbO6 octahedral distortion.
The potential lead-free piezoelectric bismuth sodium titanate, Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 (BNT) solid solution, was investigated by means of an atomic pair-distribution function (PDF) method. BNT has been presumed thus far to exhibit the rhombohedral space group R3c at room temperature. The A site in BNT with an ABO 3 perovskite structure was modified by Li and Ba atoms. Although average structures of the obtained Bi 0.5 Na 0.4 Li 0.1 TiO 3 (BNLT) and 0.95Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 ⋅0.05BaMn 1/3 V 2/3 O 3 (0.95BNT⋅0.05BMV) solid solutions were similar to that of pure BNT, the local structures of these BNT-based compounds were slightly changed. In pure BNT, Bi atoms were shifted from the lattice point of the average structure. The bonds between Bi and O split in two PDF peaks owing to the off-center shift of Bi atoms. The modification of the A-site atoms in BNLT and 0.95BNT⋅0.05BMV to the BNT structure produces an apparent change in their local structures around Bi atoms.
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