We have developed a high-speed confocal laser microscope. A microlens-array disk set in front of a pinhole-array disk improved optical efficiency more than ten times compared with that of conventional Nipkow confocal microscopy. This new microscope achieves a high-speed measurement of 1 frame/ms. We expect that it will be used for measuring biological and industrial active samples.
within the myocytes. In contrast, mammalian atrial myocytes do not have a well developed t-tubular system, and the coupling between the L-type Ca 2+ channels in the sarcolemma and the junctional SR occurs around the periphery of the myocytes [6][7][8]. A confocal imaging of [Ca 2+ ] i has shown that in mammalian atrial myocytes during E-C coupling, an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i can be observed in the peripheral regions of the cell before it spreads to the center [9][10][11]. Furthermore, in spite of a poorly developed t-tubular system, ryanodine receptors (RyR) are present at seemingly equal abundance through atrial myocytes [11][12][13]. These observations strongly suggest that many RyR in the central SR are not associated with L-type Ca 2+ channels. It has been proposed
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