Aerodynamic sound derived from bluff bodies can be considerably reduced by flow control. In this paper, the authors propose a new method in which porous material covers a body surface as one of the flow control methods. From wind tunnel tests on flows around a bare cylinder and a cylinder with porous material, it has been clarified that the application of porous materials is effective in reducing aerodynamic sound. Correlation between aerodynamic sound and aerodynamic force fluctuation, and a surface pressure distribution of cylinders are measured to investigate a mechanism of aerodynamic sound reduction. As a result, the correlation between aerodynamic sound and aerodynamic force fluctuation exists in the flow around the bare cylinder and disappears in the flow around the cylinder with porous material. Moreover, the aerodynamic force fluctuation of the cylinder with porous material is less than that of the bare cylinder. The surface pressure distribution of the cylinder with porous material is quite different from that of the bare cylinder. These facts indicate that aerodynamic sound is reduced by suppressing the motion of vortices because aerodynamic sound is induced by the unstable motion of vortices. In addition, an instantaneous flow field in the wake of the cylinder is measured by application of the PIV technique. Vortices that are shed alternately from the bare cylinder disappear by application of porous material, and the region of zero velocity spreads widely behind the cylinder with porous material. Shear layers between the stationary region and the uniform flow become thin and stable. These results suggest that porous material mainly affects the flow field adjacent to bluff bodies and reduces aerodynamic sound by depriving momentum of the wake and suppressing the unsteady motion of vortices.
Numerical prediction of dipole sound based on Lighthill–Curle’s equation gives little information on the structure of sound sources. On the other hand, a hybrid method that combines the large eddy simulation (LES) and the compact Green’s function proposed by Howe provides detailed information on the vortices in the flow that most contribute to the generation of sound. However, when the dipole sound is evaluated from the momentum change in fluid inside a finite computational domain, the result does not in general agree with the sound evaluated from the fluctuating pressure on the body surface because contribution from vortices outside the computational domain is not taken into account. In this study, the balance of momentum in a finite computational domain is considered strictly, and the effect of outer vortices is replaced with contribution from inner properties by using an imaginary velocity potential φi. This process avoids sudden termination of Lighthill’s stress tensor at the outer boundary and extracts the net contribution from dipole sound sources. With this new method, this paper simulates dipole sound sources around pantograph horns numerically, and clarifies how strong dipole sound sources are formed in the shear layer close to the model surface and how the flow through holes plays an important role in cancellation of sound sources.
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