Stimulus attributes effective in inducing vection can be generalized by the object and background hypothesis, that is, properties that belong to 'objects' weaken vection while those of the 'background' enhance vection. We presented a motion-defined Rubin's vase to induce vection. Results clearly indicated that the background dominantly induced vection. We further demonstrated that motion stimuli that had a property of an object could not induce vection efficiently. Investigating vection in the framework of the object and background hypothesis provides a unified point of view for understanding vection stimuli.
We presented three types of visual stimuli (blank, static and dynamic random dots) following optic flow stimuli and measured the durations of the motion aftereffects (MAEs) and aftereffects of vection (vection aftereffects, VAEs). The VAEs were induced in the direction opposite to the MAEs. However, the VAEs were not the same as the vection induced by the MAEs because the VAEs were sustained even after the MAEs vanished. In addition, when vection was facilitated or inhibited by the static dot plane in front or in the back of the optic flow, only the VAE strength was modulated, while the MAE was constant between the two conditions. From these results, we conclude that the vection-inducing mechanism shares some neural units with the motion processing mechanisms but has an additional aspect that adapts independently of the motion processing mechanisms.
We added simulated vertical viewpoint jitter and oscillation to radial optic flow displays designed to induce forward vection. Display jitter and oscillation were both found to increase vection strength during, and reduce motion aftereffects (MAE) following, exposure to the optic flow (compared to no-jitter controls). Display jitter, which induced the strongest vection of all the conditions tested, was also found to increase the duration of vection aftereffects (VAE).
When human observers are exposed to even slight motion signals followed by brief visual transients—stimuli containing no detectable coherent motion signals—they perceive large and salient illusory jumps. This visually striking effect, which we call “high phi,” challenges well-entrenched assumptions about the perception of motion, namely the minimal-motion principle and the breakdown of coherent motion perception with steps above an upper limit called d max . Our experiments with transients, such as texture randomization or contrast reversal, show that the magnitude of the jump depends on spatial frequency and transient duration—but not on the speed of the inducing motion signals—and the direction of the jump depends on the duration of the inducer. Jump magnitude is robust across jump directions and different types of transient. In addition, when a texture is actually displaced by a large step beyond the upper step size limit of d max , a breakdown of coherent motion perception is expected; however, in the presence of an inducer, observers again perceive coherent displacements at or just above d max . In summary, across a large variety of stimuli, we find that when incoherent motion noise is preceded by a small bias, instead of perceiving little or no motion—as suggested by the minimal-motion principle—observers perceive jumps whose amplitude closely follows their own d max limits.
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