To construct efficiently an image database system for high‐tone images, a variable‐length, code‐selective reversible predictive coding scheme with a high‐compression ratio is proposed. This coding scheme is based on application of the quantizer‐selective method in the DPCM coding [11] (previously proposed by the present authors) to an adaptive selection of a variable‐length code. This is an adaptive coding scheme in which a suitable code is selected from the pre‐designed variable‐length codes for each pel. This code selection method requires no additional information, since the code selection is carried out based only on information of pels for which the coding has already been completed. The predesigned variable‐length codes and the threshold values for the code selection are determined by a model of the probability distribution of transformed prediction‐error signals. The initial setting of coding parameters is constant and independent of the image to be encoded. This scheme has, therefore, much generality that is independent of any kinds of images. The coding rate of this scheme is improved by about 0.3 to 0.5 bit/pel compared with the optimal nonadaptive coding scheme using a single Huffman code. It was confirmed that the proposed scheme has the highest coding efficiency compared with several conventional representative reversible coding schemes.
This paper describes a novel i-line lithography by chase-shifting Qn the ubstrate (POST). With POST, O.2tm resist patterns have been achieved by using an i-line stepper and conventional masks without phase shifters.It was confirmed that fine patterns were formed by the phase-shifting effect in the resist on the substrate. Simulation suggests that POST has a better resolution than a phase-shifting mask.This method consists of simple processes and is expected to be useful in the fabrication of deep-submicron patterns for ULSI. 626 / SPIE Vol. 1674 Optical/Laser Microlithography V (1992) 0-81 94-0829-8/92/$4.0O Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/27/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx SPIE Vol. 1674 Optical/Laser Microlithography V(1992) / 627 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/27/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx
ABSTRACT;It was attempted to use life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental impacts of an actual new habitation district,having a population of 9,600 and an area of 162 hectares.Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was chosen as a global environmental impact indicator.CO2 emission from land construction works of the district was estimated as 22 thousand ton-C by using combination of the input-output table method and the piling up method.CO2 emission from material accounted for nearly 60% of the total CO2 emission from the land construction works.Cement,concrete brick,and fresh concrete were major contributors to this fraction.CO2 emission from building works was estimated as 44 thousand ton-C.Total CO2 emission in the construction stage was estimated as 66 thousand ton-C.Annual CO2 emission in the operating stage was estimated as 6 thousand ton-C.With photovoltaic (PV) energy system,CO2 emission in the construction stage and operating stage will be reduced by 5% assuming 15-year period of use.In order to reduce CO2 emission from the urban district,it is important to include other urban activities,and to estimate CO2 emission from each cement product by the piling up method.
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