PurposeTo characterize the optical coherence tomography (OCT) appearances of photoreceptor degeneration in the rhodopsin P23H transgenic rat (line 2) in relation to the histological, ultrastructural, and electroretinography (ERG) findings.Materials and methodsHomozygous rhodopsin P23H transgenic albino rats (line 2, very-slow degeneration model) were employed. Using OCT (Micron IV®; Phoenix Research Labs, Pleasanton, CA, USA), the natural course of photoreceptor degeneration was recorded from postnatal day (P) 15 to P 287. The OCT images were qualitatively observed by comparing them to histological and ultrastructural findings at P 62 and P 169. In addition, each retinal layer was quantitatively analyzed longitudinally during degeneration, compared it to that observed in wild type Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The relationships between the ERG (full-field combined rod-cone response, 3.0 cds/m2 stimulation) findings and OCT images were also analyzed.ResultsIn the qualitative study, the two layers presumably corresponding to the photoreceptor inner segment ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ) were identified in the P23H rat until PN day 32. However, the photoreceptor inner and outer segment (IS/OS) layer became diffusely hyperreflective on OCT after P 46, and the EZ and IZ zones could no longer be identified on OCT. In contrast, in the SD rats, the EZ and IZ were clearly distinguished until at least P 247. The ultrastructural study showed partial disarrangements of the photoreceptor outer segment discs in the P23H rats at P 62, although a light-microscopic histological study detected almost no abnormality in the outer segment. In the quantitative study, the outer retinal layer including the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) became significantly thinner in the P23H rats than in the SD rats after P 71. The thickness of the IS/OS layer was maintained in the P23H rats until P 130, and it became statistically thinner than in the SD rats at P 237. The longitudinal attenuation in the amplitude of the a- and b-waves of ERG was significantly correlated with the thickness of the combined OPL and ONL but not with that of the IS/OS layer.ConclusionOCT showed the degenerated photoreceptor IS/OS layer in rhodopsin P23H transgenic rats (line 2) as a diffuse hyperreflective zone, even in the early stage, with the partially disarranged and destabilized OS discs recognizable by ultrastructural assessment but not by a histological study. The amplitude of the a- and b-waves mainly depends on the thickness of the OPL and ONL layer rather than the thickness of the photoreceptor IS/OS layer in P23H rats.

PurposeMutations of the gene encoding RPE65 cause Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The optical coherence tomography (OCT) is increasingly utilized to noninvasively evaluate various types of retinal diseases, including RP. The present study was conducted to characterize the OCT findings of the RPE65−/− mice—an animal model of LCA and RP—in relation to the morphological features based on histological and electron microscopic findings as well as electroretinography (ERG) features.Materials and methodsRPE65−/− mice were employed as a model of retinal degeneration. C57BL/6J mice were used as a wild-type control. OCT was performed on the RPE65−/− mice from postnatal day (P) 22 to 170. The longitudinal changes in the OCT images and fundus pictures were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively in comparison to those of C57BL/6J mice. The OCT images were also compared to the histological and electron microscopic findings. Full field combined rod and cone ERG was performed to analyze the relationship between morphology based on OCT and the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves.ResultsIn the RPE65−/− mice, the photoreceptor rod and cone layer appeared as a diffuse hyperreflective zone contiguous with the inner segment ellipsoid zone (IS-EZ) on OCT, even on P22, whereas the IS-EZ and interdigitation zone were clearly identified in the age-matched C57BL/6J mice. The histological analyses revealed that the regular arrangement of the photoreceptor inner and outer segments was gradually lost in the RPE65-/- mice. On electron microscopy, most of the rod outer segments were degenerated from P21 to P35, whereas outer segments became variably shorter after P49 although ultrastructure appeared to normalize. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer of RPE65−/− mice was slowly and progressively reduced in comparison to C57BL/6J mice. Although the thickness of the inner and outer segment layer of RPE65−/− mice was significantly decreased in comparison to C57BL/6J mice, the change was not progressive, at least until P170. Even at P35, the amplitudes of both a- and b-waves on ERG were severely deteriorated in comparison to those of C57BL/6J mice. Mottled depigmented spots appeared throughout the fundus in RPE65−/− mice after P72, and were detected as hyperreflective deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium on OCT.DiscussionThe pathological changes in the inner and outer segments layer of RPE65−/− mice were identified as diffuse hyperreflective changes on OCT. The rod outer segments showed degeneration in the early postnatal periods but became morphologically normalized in the disc structure after P49, although the sizes of the length of the rod outer segments were variable. OCT could not qualitatively differentiate the early degeneration of rods from the late variability in size of rods. Although the morphology of the photoreceptor outer segments was relatively preserved in the RPE65−/− mice, the amplitudes of ERG were severely disturbed. These structural and functional deficits may be derived from the defe...

PurposeTo report a case of acute placoid multifocal posterior pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) following influenza vaccination. The patient exhibited granulomatous uveitis during the recovery phase.ObservationsA woman in her thirties developed flu-like symptoms seven days after receiving an influenza vaccination. Approximately 2 weeks later, the patient reported with conjunctival injection, blurred vision, and pain in her left eye. She was examined in our clinic, and the best-corrected visual acuity was 20/15 OD and 20/20 OS. Multiple whitish spots were observed bilaterally in the deep retinal layer along with edema of the left optic disc. Both indocyanine green and fluorescein angiographic findings suggested a diagnosis of APMPPE. Although APMPPE lesions were gradually resolved after one month, keratic precipitates, anterior chamber and vitreous cellular infiltration, iris and angle nodules, and macular edema were observed and were treated with topical steroid eye drops. No systemic disorders including sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis were present.Conclusion and importanceAs influenza vaccinations are administered worldwide, ophthalmologists should be aware of the ocular side effects following vaccination. Although rare, the possibility of APMPPE occurrence following influenza vaccination should be considered; additionally, the recovery phase of APMPPE may be associated with granulomatous uveitis that requires steroid therapy.

Purpose To characterize the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of the rhodopsin S334ter transgenic rats (line 4) in relation to the morphologic and electroretinographic features. Materials and Methods Rhodopsin S334ter transgenic rats (line 4) were employed as a model of retinal degeneration. The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as a wild-type control. SD-OCT (Micron IV®; Phoenix Research Labs, Pleasanton, CA, USA) was performed on the S334ter rats (line 4) from postnatal days (P) 13−110. The longitudinal changes of the SD-OCT images were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively in comparison to those of SD rats. The SD-OCT images were also compared to the histological and electron microscopic findings from examination performed on P 22, 36, and 61. Full field combined rod and cone electroretinography (ERG) was performed and the relationship between the thickness of the retinal sublayers and the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves was further analyzed. Results The photoreceptor inner and outer segment layer became diffusely hyperreflective in the SD-OCT images of the S334ter rats; these findings were not observed in the SD rats. This hyperreflective change corresponded to the degenerated inner and outer segments and the accumulation of the extracellular vesicles in the interphotoreceptor matrix. Quantitatively, the retinal outer sublayer and the photoreceptor sublayer in the S334ter rats became progressively thinner in comparison to those in the SD rats; the difference was statistically significant. The amplitudes of both the a- and b-waves on ERG were severely deteriorated in the S334ter rats. Discussion The SD-OCT images in the S334ter rats noninvasively provided information regarding the pathological changes in the photoreceptors and the longitudinal changes of both qualitative and quantitative changes during retinal degeneration in the S334ter rats (line 4). The pathological features of the photoreceptor inner and outer segments can be detected on SD-OCT as diffuse hyperreflective changes in the photoreceptor layer.

Purpose: To report a case of recurrent conjunctival papillary sebaceous carcinoma that was successfully treated by a combination of surgical resection, intraoperative topical mitomycin C application, and cryotherapy. Observations: A woman in her 80s developed a yellowish papillary tumor pedunculated from the surface of the upper palpebral tarsal conjunctiva in her left eye. She was histopathologically diagnosed as having sebaceous carcinoma by an excisional biopsy. We performed en bloc resection of the lateral one-third of the posterior lamella including the cutaneous margin of the upper eyelid as well as reconstruction of the defected portion by a switch-flap from the ipsilateral lower eyelid. Histopathologically, because the tumor was restricted to the epithelial region with minimal invasion into the tarsus, we diagnosed the patient to have conjunctival papillary sebaceous carcinoma. Nine months after the surgery, the tumor recurred and was resected and treated by intraoperative mitomycin C. Four months later, the tumor regrew at the resected margins and was treated by resection combined with mitomycin C and cryotherapy. After these combination treatments, the tumor did not recur for at least 1 year postoperatively. Conclusion and Importance: Although sebaceous carcinoma usually originates from the meibomian gland cells or less frequently from the Zeis or Moll gland cells, it rarely occurs from bulbar or palpebral conjunctival cells. Because sebaceous carcinoma sometimes shows a pagetoid growth pattern, it can recur even after en bloc resection with a negative study for tumor cells at the surgical margins. The recurrent sebaceous carcinoma cells showed an intraepithelial growth pattern. Considering this superficial growth property, it may be effective to apply intraoperative mitomycin C and cryotherapy treatment combined with surgical resection to reduce the possibility of recurrence of presumed conjunctival papillary sebaceous carcinoma, although mitomycin C alone seems to be insufficient as an adjunctive treatment.