Production of encapsulatabte unit, scale-up of the production system, and encapsulation technologies were developed as an integrated technology for transplant production using somatic embryos of celery and carrot. Encapsulatable units, somatic embryos improved in their quality for encapsulation, showed 80% conversion without encapsulation and any nutrient supply on a nursery medium in a greenhouse. The high conversion ability was also shown by carrot encapsulatable unit produced with a newly developed 8-liter culture jar, where 5.09 x 105 torpedo stage embryos were produced and 4.10 x 104 encapsulatable units were obtained from them.A novel self-breaking gel beads and sustained release microcapsule as an artificial endosperm were developed for the encapsulation of carrot embryos. Also a whole production system for synthetic seed was developed with which 80 thousand beads could be produced per day. The encapsulated carrot embryos showed 52% conversion frequency after sowing on a humid soil in greenhouse.Abbreviations: BA -benzyladenine, GA -gibberellic acid, MC -microcapsule
To increase plantlet regeneration frequency, rice callus was dehydrated in a Petri dish with a single layer of filter paper prior to transfer to the regeneration medium. With a 24 h dehydration treatment, the regeneration frequency was increased to 47 %, while the regeneration frequency of the untreated control was less than 5 %. This relatively simple method provides an alternative method for improving the regeneration frequency of rice callus.
A substance which at low concentration (less than 0 . 3 ,~~) stimulated the formation of akinetes in Cylindrospermum licheniforme Kutz. was purified from the centrifugal supernatant fluid of sporulating cultures. High resolution mass spectrometry showed that the chemical formula of the substance is C,HSOSN. Other peaks of high :intensity found at m/e values of 123 and 96 in the mass spectrum were produced by loss of CO from the molecular ion, and by additional loss of HCN. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the substance showed a complex of peaks in the region of 6 = 7.19 to 7.29 p.p.m. Peaks in the infrared absorption spectrum were attributable to methylene C-H bonds and to C=S and cyclic -CO-NH-groups. The most probable structure consistent with the above findings embodies two fused, five-membered rings, one of which is a lactam and the other of which has a thioketone group.
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