2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) [7] as the hole transport material (HTM). However, there is still a gap of more than 5% between the record efficiency and the maximum efficiency of thermally stable PSCs. So far, the thermal stability of perovskite absorber materials has been improved by engineering perovskite composition; both cation [8][9][10][11] and halide [10][11][12][13] composition engineering have been conducted. Also, 2D-3D incorporated perovskite materials for high thermal stability have been recently suggested. [14][15][16] On the other hand, multication approach is one of the promising ways to achieve highly efficient PSCs. [7,17] However, at the same time, it is more and more difficult to understand and control such a large number of components for highly efficient and highly stable PSCs. In case of our previous study for quadruple cation PSCs, [7] seven components of formamidinium (FA), methylammonium (MA), Cs, Rb, Pb, I, and Br should be controlled. Furthermore, not only effect of single element but also combination effect of these elements should be important. Thus, careful studies are required for further development. Indeed, even though more and more studies have been reported on multication approach, [18][19][20][21] there are still no reports of PSCs that meets international standard (IEC 61215); 85 °C/85% relative humidity (RH) stress test with high efficiency. Here we focus on the dependence of device thermal stability on perovskite composition by using state-of-the-art highly efficient PSCs (≈20%) to achieve compatibility of high efficiency and high thermal stability.We tested the thermal stability of devices with a structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/compact titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/ mesoporous TiO 2 /perovskite/PTAA/gold (Au). The starting perovskite composition used here was Cs 0.05 (MA 0.17 FA 0.83 ) 0.95 Pb (I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 because this composition has been reported to display high efficiency and high operational stability. [17] We chose PTAA as the HTM because its high efficiency [22][23][24] and high thermal stability [7] have been reported respectively. In addition, we used a low doping concentration of 3 mol% lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in PTAA in this experiment to minimize any adverse effects of the additives on the device thermal stability reported so far. [25][26][27] First, we examined the relationship between efficiency and thermal stability for devices with different PbI 2 ratios in the Perovskite solar cells have received great attention because of their rapid progress in efficiency, with a present certified highest efficiency of 23.3%. Achieving both high efficiency and high thermal stability is one of the biggest challenges currently limiting perovskite solar cells because devices displaying stability at high temperature frequently suffer from a marked decrease of efficiency. In this report, the relationship between perovskite composition and device thermal stability is examined. It is revealed that Rb can suppress the growth of PbI 2 even un...

BackgroundMetabolic phenotyping has become an important ‘bird's-eye-view’ technology which can be applied to higher organisms, such as model plant and animal systems in the post-genomics and proteomics era. Although genotyping technology has expanded greatly over the past decade, metabolic phenotyping has languished due to the difficulty of ‘top-down’ chemical analyses. Here, we describe a systematic NMR methodology for stable isotope-labeling and analysis of metabolite mixtures in plant and animal systems.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe analysis method includes a stable isotope labeling technique for use in living organisms; a systematic method for simultaneously identifying a large number of metabolites by using a newly developed HSQC-based metabolite chemical shift database combined with heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy; Principal Components Analysis; and a visualization method using a coarse-grained overview of the metabolic system. The database contains more than 1000 1H and 13C chemical shifts corresponding to 142 metabolites measured under identical physicochemical conditions. Using the stable isotope labeling technique in Arabidopsis T87 cultured cells and Bombyx mori, we systematically detected >450 HSQC peaks in each 13C-HSQC spectrum derived from model plant, Arabidopsis T87 cultured cells and the invertebrate animal model Bombyx mori. Furthermore, for the first time, efficient 13C labeling has allowed reliable signal assignment using analytical separation techniques such as 3D HCCH-COSY spectra in higher organism extracts.Conclusions/SignificanceOverall physiological changes could be detected and categorized in relation to a critical developmental phase change in B. mori by coarse-grained representations in which the organization of metabolic pathways related to a specific developmental phase was visualized on the basis of constituent changes of 56 identified metabolites. Based on the observed intensities of 13C atoms of given metabolites on development-dependent changes in the 56 identified 13C-HSQC signals, we have determined the changes in metabolic networks that are associated with energy and nitrogen metabolism.

The median CSF penetration rate of afatinib was higher than previously reported. Afatinib was effective against leptomeningeal carcinomatosis particularly in patients with NSCLC harboring uncommon EGFR mutations. The criteria for selecting a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor for therapy of NSCLC should include its ability to penetrate CSF and its efficacy against specific mutation types.

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) have been intensively studied in recent years for use in solar cells. Many studies have reported the light-induced phenomena of OIHP materials and their solar cells. In this study, we investigated the influence of a hole-transport layer (HTL) on light-induced degradation (LID) of mixed OIHP solar cells, especially at the OIHP/HTL interface, by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and impedance spectroscopy. HAXPES shows accumulation of iodine and metallic lead in the vicinity of the OIHP/HTL and electron-transport layer/OIHP interfaces, respectively, after LID. Under light illumination and in the dark after LID, characteristic impedance responses are observed for a sample with a highly damaged OIHP/HTL interface as an intermediate frequency arc and negative capacitance, respectively, because of the electrochemical reaction in the vicinity of the OIHP/HTL interface. Overall, the results indicate that light-induced iodide diffusion to the OIHP/HTL interface and the electrochemical reaction to form iodine molecules are important factors for LID of OIHP solar cells.

Subpopulations of lymphocytes in portal areas, especially infiltrating bile duct epithelia were analyzed by light and electron microscopy using indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method and monoclonal antibodies against pan-T (Leu 1), cytotoxic/suppressor T (Leu 2a), helper/inducer T (Leu 3a) and natural killer/K (Leu 7) and suppressor T (Leu 15) cells in liver biopsy specimens from four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Bile ducts with chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis were observed in two patients. Leu 1+ and Leu 2+ cells were frequently seen in intimate contact with epithelial ductal cells. The majority of intraepithelial cells possessing Leu 2a antigen did not react with anti-Leu 15 antibody. Leu 3a+ or Leu 7+ cells seldom infiltrated ductal epithelia. These findings indicate that the majority of intraepithelial lymphocytes in bile ducts most likely represent Leu 2a+15- cytotoxic T cells. By immunoelectron microscopy, Leu 1+ or Leu 2a+ lymphocytes often breached the basement membrane of bile ducts and were present within dilated intercellular spaces between biliary epithelial cells. Furthermore, they often formed sharp or broad contacts with the epithelial cells, and occasionally pseudopods projecting from the surfaces of Leu 2a+ cells extended into the epithelial cells. Most of Leu 2a+ lymphocytes contained little cytoplasm with few granules and a small Golgi apparatus. Such findings suggest that cytotoxic T cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis in primary biliary cirrhosis.