The Na ؉ -K ؉ co-transporter HKT1, first isolated from wheat, mediates high-affinity K ؉ uptake. The function of HKT1 in plants, however, remains to be elucidated, and the isolation of HKT1 homologs from Arabidopsis would further studies of the roles of HKT1 genes in plants. We report here the isolation of a cDNA homologous to HKT1 from Arabidopsis (AtHKT1) and the characterization of its mode of ion transport in heterologous systems. The deduced amino acid sequence of AtHKT1 is 41% identical to that of HKT1, and the hydropathy profiles are very similar. AtHKT1 is expressed in roots and, to a lesser extent, in other tissues. Interestingly, we found that the ion transport properties of AtHKT1 are significantly different from the wheat counterpart. As detected by electrophysiological measurements, AtHKT1 functioned as a selective Na ؉ uptake transporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and the presence of external K ؉ did not affect the AtHKT1-mediated ion conductance (unlike that of HKT1). When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, AtHKT1 inhibited growth of the yeast in a medium containing high levels of Na ؉ , which correlates to the large inward Na ؉ currents found in the oocytes. Furthermore, in contrast to HKT1, AtHKT1 did not complement the growth of yeast cells deficient in K ؉ uptake when cultured in K ؉ -limiting medium. However, expression of AtHKT1 did rescue Escherichia coli mutants carrying deletions in K ؉ transporters. The rescue was associated with a less than 2-fold stimulation of K ؉ uptake into K ؉ -depleted cells. These data demonstrate that AtHKT1 differs in its transport properties from the wheat HKT1, and that AtHKT1 can mediate Na ؉ and, to a small degree, K ؉ transport in heterologous expression systems.

Infections caused by hard-to-treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a serious global public-health concern, as MRSA has become broadly resistant to many classes of antibiotics. We disclose herein the discovery of a new class of non-β-lactam antibiotics, the oxadiazoles, which inhibit penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) of MRSA. The oxadiazoles show bactericidal activity against vancomycin- and linezolid-resistant MRSA and other Gram-positive bacterial strains, in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of infection, and have 100% oral bioavailability.

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The purpose of this paper is to completely characterize the topology of threedimensional Riemannian manifolds with a uniform lower bound of sectional curvature which converges to a metric space of lower dimension.

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