High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been developed to possess functions of atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Dynamics of subnano Newton-scale force and conductance were simultaneously observed at intervals of 1/30–1/3840 s during HRTEM imaging of contact, deformation and fracture processes between nanometer-sized tips. The experimental basis of the atomic-scale mechanics of materials was developed on the basis of the present microscopy.
A computer tomography technique for nanometer-sized materials was developed based on transmission electron microscopy imaging with a 360 • specimen rotation system and numerical convolution by a rotation-axis compensation method. The three-dimensional structures of carbon nanotubes were analyzed.
Silver-coated cloth or silver oxide (Ag2O) markedly inhibited root rot diseases of cucumber and Japanese hornwort (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk.) caused by Pythium spp. Silver oxide (Ag2O) at 30ppb in hydroponic nutrient solution inhibited zoospore motility of Pythium aphanidermatum and Pythium sp. type F. Germination was also inhibited by 10 percent over that of the control which was unexposed to silver oxide. Germination of zoospores was also inhibited completely by 50ppb silver oxide. When the concentration of silver ion eluted from silver-coated cloth into the hydroponic solution was about 40ppb, zoospores of Pythium spp. lost their ability to swim and germinate. After using silver-coated cloth in hydroponic culture of cucumber plants for more than 40 days, the residual amount of silver ion in cucumber fruits was less than the limit of Ag detection by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
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