Magnetosensitivity of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, was examined by conditioning and electrocardiography. Marine eels, river eels and farmed eels were conditioned to an imposed magnetic field ranging from 12·663·nT to 192·473·nT parallel to the fish body, which was placed along the earth's west-east axis. Electrocardiograms were recorded with electrodes placed close to the fish body inside a PVC pipe shelter. After 10-40 conditioning runs, all the eels exhibited a significant conditioned response (i.e. slowing of the heart beat) to a 192·473·nT magnetic field and even to a 12·663·nT magnetic field, respectively equivalent to 5.92ϫ and 0.38ϫ the horizontal geomagnetic field (32·524·nT) at our laboratory. The west-east vector of the imposed magnetic field (12·663·nT) combined with that of the geomagnetic field and produced a horizontal resultant magnetic field of 21°easterly. Therefore, Japanese eel are magnetosensitive whether they are at sea, in the river or in the farm. Results of the present study were compared with those of past studies that showed no magnetic sense in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, and the European eel, Anguilla anguilla.
We investigated the impacts of plasma-induced damage due to UV light irradiation during etching on Ge fin fabrication and the device performance of Ge fin field-effect transistors (Ge FinFETs). UV light irradiation during etching affected the shape of the Ge fin and the surface roughness of the Ge fin sidewall. A vertical and smooth Ge fin could be fabricated by neutral beam etching without UV light irradiation. The performances of Ge FinFETs fabricated by neutral beam etching were markedly improved as compared to those of Ge FinFETs fabricated by inductively coupled plasma etching, in which the UV light has an impact.
Magnetosensitivity of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica at the glass eel phase (newly metamorphosed juveniles) was examined by conditioning and electrocardiography. The glass eels were conditioned to an imposed magnetic field of 192 473 nT parallel to the fish body placed along the earth's west-east axis. After 10 to 40 conditioning runs, all the glass eels exhibited a significant conditioned response (i.e. slowing of the heart beat) to a 192 473 nT magnetic field and even to a 12 663 nT magnetic field that combined with the geomagnetic field (32 524 nT) at the laboratory and produced a resultant magnetic field of 21 easterly. These results indicate that glass eels have high magnetosensitivity and probably acquire geomagnetic information early in life. It is hypothesized that silver-phase adult eels find their way back to the oceanic spawning ground by reversing the geomagnetic direction that had been detected and 'memorized' during the glass eel phase when migrating from the open ocean towards the continental shelf and coastal waters. # 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Cross-linked poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) gel used in organic radical batteries (ORBs) is characterized by rheological measurements, and the micro structure of gel-state cathodes is observed using low vacuum SEM. The storage elastic modulus of the cross-linked PTMA gel is under 10 kPa which is in the range of soft gel. It suggests that the PTMA cathodes are fairy flexible in the battery. The ORBs with the cathodes made from cross-linked PTMA/vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) composite show excellent discharge rate properties (20C/1C capacity 91%). The structure of needle-like VGCF penetrating PTMA particles in the composite results in excellent rate capabilities. In the PTMA gel cathode, the cross-link structure of the PTMA has the effect of maintaining homogeneous dispersion of VGCF, which gives improvement in cyclability. The capacity and resistance of the ORBs are maintained in the initial state after repetitive bending 250 times. We demonstrate that the gel state cross-linked PTMA is a promising electrode material for practical flexible batteries.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.