For posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, two root, anterolateral and posteromedial bundles restruction are performed. However, little has been mentioned of anatomical measurements of the insertions to the bone of these bundles in previous publications. The aim of this study is to determine the precise anatomical measurements of the femoral and tibial insertions for anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of PCL. A total of 32 femur and 33 tibiae were selected from 50 cadavers after exclusion of knees that displayed macroscopically degenerative changes or evidence of trauma. PCL were divided into anterolateral bundles and posteromedial bundles to the insertion footprint, and those locations were measured and described. The distance from the center of the femoral insertions of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles, and the Wrisberg ligament to the anterior margin of the medial femoral condyle averaged 9.6, 10.6, and 17.1 mm, respectively. The distance from the center of the femoral insertions of the anterolateral, posteromedial bundles, and Wrisberg ligament to the intercondylar roof averaged 4.8, 11.4, and 10.4 mm, respectively. The distance from the medial margin of the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau to the center of the tibial insertions of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles averaged 51.0 and 50.0% of the total widest width of the tibial plateau, respectively. The vertical distance from the tibial insertion of the center of the posteromedial bundle to the plane of the tibial articular surface averaged 4.6 mm. This study leads to a better definition of the anatomy of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of PCL. It is very important to know the precise anatomy of PCL bundles when performing PCL reconstruction, and to evaluate PCL reconstruction surgery on an anatomical basis.

Primary germinomas in the spinal cord are very rare with only 15 cases published previously. In this case a 22-year-old woman with urinary incontinence, lumbago, and bilateral leg pain and weakness was found to have a solid tumor in the conus medullaris between the L1 and L2 vertebral bodies. Serum HCG was elevated without pregnancy. The pathological diagnosis was mixed germinoma and choriocarcinoma of the intramedullary spinal cord. She received craninospinal irradiation and three courses of chemotherapy and is currently asymptomatic with no evidence of recurrence and metastasis 22 months after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a patient with a primary mixed germinoma and choriocarcinoma of the intramedullary spinal cord. The previous 15 cases of primary spinal cord germinoma have been reviewed for comparison.

Introduction: Some reports showed that low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) could stimulate mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) differentiation into osteo/chondrocyte in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether LIPUS treatment combined with cell therapy could affect cartilage regeneration in rats which have poor intrinsic repair capacity.Materials and Methods: Eight weeks old male Wistar rats were used in this study. An osteochondral defect, 1mm in diameter, was created on both sides of femora trochlea. MSCs were injected into right knee joint after 4 weeks from defect operation and rats were divided into 2 interventions: without or with LIPUS treatment. Two days after intra-articular injection, the rats with LIPUS were subjected to LIPUS treatment according to parameters borrowed from those for bone fracture treatment, 20 min/d, 5 d/wk for 4 weeks, to both knee joints. The rats were euthanized and their knee joints were isolated after 4 weeks post intra-articular injection. The isolated knee joints were therefore divided into 4 groups: Control group, LIPUS group, MSC group and LIPUS+MSC (MSCL) group. The osteochondral defect area was histologically evaluated with Wakitani cartilage repair score and immunohistochemically stained for type II collagen.Results: Four weeks after intra-articular injection, the defect area was filled with repair tissue which wasn't hyaline cartilage in Control group. In LIPUS, MSC and MSCL groups, the Wakitani cartilage repair score was increased compared with Control group, although there were not clear differences among these 3 groups in the score. In LIPUS and MSCL groups, we observed type II collagen expression in wide range of repair tissue compared with MSC group.Discussion: Our results indicated that LIPUS treatment or MSC injection could stimulate cartilage regeneration, while there might be little interactive effect between these 2 treatments in vitro.

This paper provided a simple preparation method of Pd–Pt solid solution nanoparticles (NPs) and demonstrated their hydrogen storage properties. The mixture of Pt and Pd precursors led to the formation of a solid solution in the system of Pd–Pt by the present one-pot solution method. A series of alloy NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure measurement. The mean diameters of Pd and Pd–Pt nanoparticles in aqueous solution were ca.4 nm. The atomic ratio of hydrogen per metal at 0.1 MPa H2 was 0.2 (Pd), 0.08 (Pd0.75Pt0.25), 0.07 (Pd0.7Pt0.3) and 0.04 (Pd0.65Pt0.35). The hydrogen storage phenomenon strongly depends on alloying Pt to Pd, and hydrogen per metal extremely decreased by adding Pt to Pd in solid solution NPs.