Recent surveys and sample collection have conWrmed the endemicity of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farming worldwide. The reduction in number and eYcacy of many acaricide products has accentuated the prevalence rates of this poultry ectoparasite observed more often in non intensive systems such as free-range, barns or backyards and more often in laying hens than in broiler birds. The lack of knowledge from producers and the utilisation of inadequate, ineVective or illegal chemicals in many countries have been responsible for the increase in infestation rates due to the spread of acaricide resistance. The costs for control methods and treatment are showing the tremendous economic impact of this ectoparasite on poultry meat and egg industries. This paper reviews the prevalence 1 C rates of this poultry pest in diVerent countries and for diVerent farming systems and the production parameters which could be linked to this pest proliferation.
Recent surveys and sample collection have conWrmed the endemicity of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farming worldwide. The reduction in number and eYcacy of many acaricide products has accentuated the prevalence rates of this poultry ectoparasite observed more often in non intensive systems such as free-range, barns or backyards and more often in laying hens than in broiler birds. The lack of knowledge from producers and the utilisation of inadequate, ineVective or illegal chemicals in many countries have been responsible for the increase in infestation rates due to the spread of acaricide resistance. The costs for control methods and treatment are showing the tremendous economic impact of this ectoparasite on poultry meat and egg industries. This paper reviews the prevalence 1 C rates of this poultry pest in diVerent countries and for diVerent farming systems and the production parameters which could be linked to this pest proliferation.
Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite, is an obligatory
blood-sucking ectoparasite. The genetic diversity of D. gallinae has been
examined in some countries, but so far not in Asian countries. Here, we sequenced a part
of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and16S rRNA genes and nuclear
internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region in 239 mite samples collected from 40
prefectures throughout Japan. The COI and 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences were classified
into 28 and 26 haplotypes, respectively. In phylogenetic trees, the haplotypes clustered
into 2 haplogroups corresponding to haplogroups A and B, which were previously reported.
Haplogroups A and B were further subdivided into sub-haplogroups AJ1 and AJ2, and BJ1 and
BJ2, respectively. In both trees, the sequences of haplotypes in AJ1 and BJ2 were
relatively distant from those reported in other countries, while some sequences in AJ2 and
BJ1 were identical to those in Europe. In addition, the ITS sequences were classified into
two sequences, and both sequences were closely related to the sequences found in European
countries. These findings indicate a possibility of international oversea transmission of
D. gallinae.
Poultry red mite (PRM,
Dermanyssus gallinae) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite as well as a
possible vector of several avian pathogens. In this study, to define the role of PRM in
the prevalence of avian infectious agents, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to
check for the presence of seven pathogens: Avipox virus (APV), Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV),
Marek’s disease virus (MDV), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER),
Salmonella enterica (SE), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). A total of 159 PRM samples collected
between 2004 and 2012 from 142 chicken farms in 38 prefectures in Japan were examined. APV
DNA was detected in 22 samples (13.8%), 19 of which were wild-type APV. 16S ribosomal RNA
(16S rRNA) of MS was detected in 15 samples (9.4%), and the mgc2 gene of
MG was detected in 2 samples (1.3%). Eight of 15 MS 16S rRNA sequences differed from the
vaccine sequence, indicating they were wild-type strains, while both of the MG
mgc2 gene sequences detected were identical to the vaccine sequences.
Of these avian pathogen-positive mite samples, three were positive for both wild-types of
APV and MS. On the other hand, the DNAs of ER, SE, FAdV and MDV were not detected in any
samples. These findings indicated that PRM can harbor the wild-type pathogens and might
play a role as a vector in spreading these diseases in farms.
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