Gossiping (also called total exchange or all-to-all communication) is the process of information di usion in which each node of a network holds a packet that must be communicated to all other nodes in the network. We consider here gossiping in the store-and-forward, fullduplex and -port (or shouting) model. In such a model, the protocol consists of a sequence of rounds and during each round, each node can send (and receive) messages from all its neighbors. The great majority of the previous works on gossiping problems allows the messages to be freely concatenated and so messages of arbitrary length can be transmitted during a round. Here we restrict the problem to the case where at each round communicating nodes can exchange exactly one packet. We give a lower bound of N ?1 , where is the minimum degree, and show that it is attained in Cayley symmetric digraphs with some additional properties. That implies the existence of an optimal gossiping protocol for classical networks like hypercubes, k-dimensional tori, and star-graphs.
In this paper, we propose a method which enables us to construct almost optimal broadcast schemes on an n-dimensional hypercube in the circuit switched, -port model. In this model, an initiator must inform all the nodes of the network in a sequence of rounds. During a round, vertices communicate along arc-disjoint dipaths. Our construction is based on particular sequences of nested binary codes having the property that each code can inform the next one in a single round. This last property is insured by a flow technique and results about symmetric flow networks.We apply the method to design new schemes improving and generalizing the previous results. Our schemes are the best possible algebraic schemes, and they are optimal in the case n = 2 p , 1.
The phenomenon of women's underrepresentation in engineering is well known. However, the slow progress in achieving better gender equality here compared with other domains has accentuated the 'numbers' issue, while the quality aspects have been largely ignored. This study aims to shed light on both these aspects via the lens of mentors, who are at the coalface of guiding female engineers through their education and subsequent careers. Based on data collected from 25 mentors (8 men and 17 women from 8 countries), the paper explores their experiences of being mentors, as well as their views on recommended actions for nurturing female engineers. The findings reveal that the primary motivation for becoming a mentor was personal for men and women. Many mentors from countries with relatively lower female labour participation rates perceive their roles as guarantors of their mentees' successful future career paths, and a similar trend can be found in mentors in academia. The study underscores the need for invigorating mentors' roles in order to secure a more equitable future for engineering education.
The global community, from UNESCO to NGOs, is committed to promoting the status of women in science, engineering and technology, despite long-held prejudices and the lack of role models. Previously, when equality was not firmly established as a key issue on international or national agendas, women's colleges played a great role in mentoring female scientists. However, now that a concerted effort has been made by governments, the academic community and the private sector to give women equal opportunities, the raison d être of women's universities seems to have become lost. This paper argues otherwise, by demonstrating that women's universities in Japan became beneficiaries of government initiatives since the early 2000s to reverse the low ratio of women in scientific research. The paper underscores the importance of the reputation of women's universities embedded in their institutional foundations, by explaining how female scientific communities take shape in different national contexts. England, as a primary example of a neoliberal welfare regime, with its strong emphasis on equality and diversity, promoted its gender equality policy under the auspices of the Department of Trade and Industry. By contrast, with a strong emphasis on family values and the male-breadwinner model, the Japanese government carefully treated the goal of supporting female scientists from the perspective of the equal participation of both men and women rather than that of equality. Following this trend, rather contradictorily, women's universities, with their tradition of fostering a 'good wife, wise mother' image, began to be highlighted as potential gender-free institutions that provided role models and mentoring female scientists. By drawing on the cases of England and Japan, this paper demonstrates how the idea of equality can be framed differently, according to wider institutional contexts, and how this idea impacts on gender policies.
In this paper, we study the problem of gossiping with neighboring interference constraint in radio chain networks. Gossiping (also called total exchange information) is a protocol where each node in the network has a message and is expected to distribute its own message to every other node in the network. The gossiping problem consists in finding the minimum running time (makespan) of a gossiping protocol and efficient algorithms that attain this makespan. We focus on the case where the transmission network is a chain (directed path or line) network. We consider synchronous protocols where it takes one unit of time (step) to transmit a unit-length message. During one step, a node receives at most one message only through one of its two neighbors. We assume that during one step, a node cannot be both a sender and a receiver (half duplex model). Moreover we have neighboring interference constraints under which a node cannot receive a message if one of its neighbors is sending. A round consists of a set of non-interfering (or compatible) calls and uses one step. We completely solve the gossiping problem for P n , the chain network on n nodes, and give an algorithm that completes the gossiping in 3n − 5 rounds (for n > 3), which is exactly the makespan.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.