Background
Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) was first described by Nucci et al. in 1999 and is believed to be a precancerous lesion of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma and gastric‐type adenocarcinoma in the uterine cervix. LEGH lesions do not always exhibit apparent cellular and structural atypia, so are difficult to distinguish from normal endocervical cells (EC cells) with cytological examination. Therefore, we often struggle to make a definite diagnosis of LEGH.
Methods
We used microscopy images of cytological specimens that were diagnosed as EC cells and LEGH cells. Signal intensity in whole nuclear area and in heterochromatin and euchromatin regions, euchromatin area ratio, and nuclear morphological features were quantified in each cell nucleus of the cases. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine statistical significance. Finally, we performed linear support vector machine (LSVM) modeling as a discriminant analysis using the quantified features.
Results
Signal intensity in whole nuclear area, and heterochromatin and euchromatin regions of EC cell nuclei were higher than that of the LEGH cell nuclei. Morphologically, EC cell nuclei were larger than LEGH cell nuclei, and nuclei of LEGH cells had irregular nuclear respectively membrane structure and an elongated shape. The LSVM accuracy of 10‐fold cross validation and leave‐one‐case‐out cross‐validation (LOCOCV) using all measured features were 84.7% to 89.3% and 78.6% to 86.0%, respectively.
Conclusions
The LVSM analysis using features extracted from signal intensity and morphological analysis was useful for discrimination of EC cells vs LEGH cells. We therefore believe that this image analysis method could be used for early detection of LEGH.
We washed a soiled stainless-steel (SUS304) surface with attached starch paste as the soiled model because of investigating washing effect of microbubble mixtures generated by a swirling method (S-MB), a pressurized method (P-MB), and a pressurized method with a pressurized tank (NP-MB). Compared with the resultant washing rate of tap water alone, relatively high washing effect of microbubble mixtures was obtained. Furthermore, the washing effect of P-MB approximately agreed with those of S-MB. For understanding the experimental results, particle diameter change against elapsed time and static contact angle of interface between solid surface and droplet of test fluids was discussed. Particle diameters of all microbubble mixtures were changed as elapsed time. Elapsed time until collapse of P-MB higher than that of S-MB. Moreover, NP-MB exhibited highest elapsed time until collapse. Moreover, static contact angle of microbubble mixtures was lower than that of tap water alone. Correlation between washing effect and contact angle was obtained. The obtained knowledges were beneficial for many applications using fine bubble mixtures.
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