Data of 46 water balance measurements were collected from dry and lactating Holstein cows in the controlled climatic chamber, which maintained at 20°C and 60% relative humidity, to evaluate between drinking water intake (DWI), feed water intake (FWI), total water intake (TWI) and some variables in cows. Orchardgrass silage, alfalfa silage and corn silage were offered in dry cows, and alfalfa or orchardgrass silage and concentrates were given as a TMR in ratio of 60:40 in lactating cows. DMI and milk production were highly related to DWI and TWI of lactating cows. DWI in dry and lactating cows increased and FWI decreased as dietary DM increased, but there was a very weak correlation between dietary DM and TWI. In both dry and lactating cows, positive correlations were obtained between dietary CP or K and TWI, especially highly correlations between dietary K and TWI. There were strong positive correlations between N intake, K intake or urine volume and TWI rather than DWI in dry and lactating cows. These results suggest that dry and lactating cows accelerate DWI to excrete large amounts of K or N into urine in excess of their needs, but TWI is more suitable to evaluate the effects of dietary CP or K on water intake and urine volume in dairy cows.

Abstract. The objective of the present study was to present 4 recently encountered ovarian large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) cases, and to evaluate their clinicopathological features in the context of the previously reported 29 LCNEC cases. First, we described the clinical features of 4 recently encountered cases. Routine H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for CD56, synaptophysin and chromogranin A were performed on sections of both the LCNEC and epithelial carcinoma components. Clinical data for the total of 33 LCNEC cases were summarized, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was estimated. Our cases were observed in women aged 42-81 years. One case is clinically classified as FIGO stage IV with multiple metastases, and the others are classified as FIGO stages Ic, IIc and IIIb by post-surgical findings. Pathological features, assessed by H&E staining, were similar to lung LCNEC, and at least one neuroendocrine marker was positive staining in both LCNEC and the epithelial component. One case was pure type LCNEC and the others were mixed carcinoma. Paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy was performed for all cases and 3 of the 4 treatments were effective. The prognoses of our cases were as follows: 1 in stage Ic died from the disease after only 2 months, but the others survived, with or without recurrence, for 32-64 months, whereas the total 5-year survival of the 33 LCNEC cases was 34.9%. In summary, our 3 LCNEC cases revealed ordinary chemo-sensitivity, resulting in a better prognosis than those previously described, apart from 1 case which exhibited aggressive behavior. For the future, a retrospective survey to elucidate the prognostic factors and prospective clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of treatment modalities of ovarian LCNEC are necessary, particularly for aggressive LCNEC cases. IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) defines large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) as a tumor with a large nucleus and a tendency to have neuroendocrine differentiation, and it defines ovarian LCNECs as miscellaneous tumors (1). In Japan, the term LCNEC was described for the first time in The General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Management of Ovarian Tumors by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Japanese Society of Pathology in December 2009. Until these classifications were established, LCNEC had been classified as anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinoma and was synonymous with undifferentiated carcinoma of the non-small cell neuroendocrine type (1,2). According to the WHO classification of lung cancer (3), the pathological structures by H&E staining reveal a characteristic organization, such as round nest and sheet-like formation with frequently central coagulative necrosis, and rosette-like formation of tumor cells is often observed everywhere. The nucleus is large with granular or coarse chromatin, a prominent nucleolus and moderate or abundant cytoplasm. Additionally, neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemical analysis, such as chromogranin A, sy...

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Thirty-four Holstein dry cows and 16 lactating cows were used in balance trials to identify the effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) excretion by dairy cows, and to develop prediction models for these excreta. Orchard grass silage, corn silage, alfalfa silage or timothy hay were offered to dry cows. Orchard grass silage or alfalfa silage, and concentrates were offered to lactating cows. In the statistical analysis, the independent variables were bodyweight (kg), dry matter (DM) intake (kg/day), milk yield (for lactating cows only, kg/day), water intake (free water plus water in feed, kg/day), intake (g/day) of N, P and K and dietary contents (% of DM) of crude protein, P and K. The dependent variables were N, P and K excretion (g/day) in feces and urine. In both dry and lactating cows, intake of N, P and K had large effects on corresponding excretion. The results indicated that a decrease in the intake of N, P and K could decrease the corresponding excretion. Further research by path analysis showed that K intake positively affected urinary N excretion in dry cows indirectly, through water intake and urine volume.