A fundamental question in rock physics is how the coupling of confining stress and pore pressure influences geophysical properties, which is manifested by the effective stress behavior of the porous rock. We investigated the effective stress behavior of four water‐saturated limestones with porosities ranging from 13% to 30%. Unlike previous experimental studies limited to the permeability, we also characterized the effective stress coefficients for pore volume change and bulk strain. The pore spaces of three of the limestones (two allochemical oolitic and one micritic) have significant fractions of macropores and micropores. In these three limestones with dual porosity the effective stress coefficients for permeability and pore volume change were observed to be consistently greater than 1, even though that for axial strain was less than 1. In a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, the effective stress coefficients for permeability, bulk volumetric strain, and pore volume change are predicted to be equal to or less than unity. Our data therefore show that these limestones cannot be modeled as microscopically homogeneous. Berryman (1992a, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB01593) and Berryman (1992b, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.3307) analyzed theoretically a rock made up of two porous constituents, and our experimental data are in agreement with inequalities he derived for effective stress coefficients of such an assemblage. For comparison, we studied the Leitha limestone that is made up predominately of macropores. Our data showed that all three effective stress coefficients in this case were less than unity, as predicted for a microscopically homogeneous assemblage.

IntroductionBoth nonclassical and intermediate monocytes have been implicated in different inflammatory conditions. We hypothesized that these monocytes would increase during pregnancy, a condition associated with generalized activation of inflammatory responses and that they would increase even more during preeclampsia, in which inflammatory responses are further stimulated. In the present study we investigated changes in monocyte subsets during healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia in humans and rats.MethodsBlood monocyte subsets of nonpregnant, preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women were identified with CD14 and CD16. In nonpregnant and pregnant rats, blood monocytes were identified with CD172a and CD43, as well as in rats infused with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a pro-inflammatory stimulus known to induce preeclampsia-like symptoms. Total and CD206-positive macrophages were quantified in placentas of these animals.ResultsLower percentages of classical monocytes were found in pregnant women (91%–[83–98%]) compared to nonpregnant women (94%–[90–98%]) and even less in preeclamptic patients (90%–[61–92%]). In contrast, the percentage of combined nonclassical/intermediate monocytes was higher in pregnant women (8.5%–[2.3–16.6%] vs. 5.6%–[1.9–9.5%]) and even higher in preeclamptic patients (9.9%–[7.8–38.7%]), which was caused by a selective increase of intermediate monocytes. In rats, we also found lower percentages of classical monocytes and higher percentages of nonclassical monocytes in pregnant versus nonpregnant rats. ATP infusion increased the percentage of nonclassical monocytes in pregnant rats even further but not in nonpregnant rats. These nonclassical monocytes showed a more activated phenotype in pregnant ATP-infused rats only. Mesometrial triangles of ATP-infused rats had less CD206-positive macrophages as compared to those of saline-infused rats.ConclusionThe higher percentage of nonclassical/intermediate monocytes found in pregnancy and preeclampsia confirms their association with inflammatory responses. The observation that ATP stimulated numbers/activation of nonclassical monocytes in pregnant rats only, suggests that nonclassical monocytes are specifically altered in pregnancy and may play a role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.

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Résumé -Compaction mécanique des grès poreux -Pour de nombreux problèmes de tectonique et d'ingénierie de réservoir, la capacité à prévoir à la fois la fréquence, l'ampleur de la déformation inélas-tique et les ruptures repose sur une compréhension fondamentale de la phénoménologie et de la micromé-canique de compaction dans les roches-réservoirs. Cet article présente les résultats de recherches récentes sur la compaction mécanique des grès poreux. On insiste plus particulièrement sur la synthèse des données de laboratoire, la caractérisation microstructurale quantitative de l'endommagement, ainsi que sur les modèles théoriques basés sur un contact élastique et sur la mécanique de la rupture. Les attributs méca-niques de la compaction sur des échantillons initialement secs et saturés ont été étudiés sous des chargements hydrostatiques et non hydrostatiques dans une large gamme de pression. Les sujets spécifiques étu-diés ici incluent : la comparaison des données d'émission acoustique et mécanique avec une théorie de la plasticité ; le contrôle microstructural du début et du développement de la compaction ; l'écrouissage et l'évolution spatiale de l'endommagement lors de la compaction ; enfin, l'effet affaiblissant de l'eau sur le seuil de compaction et l'évolution de la porosité.Mots-clés : essais triaxiaux, porosité, émissions acoustiques, endommagement microstructural, compaction, dilatance. Abstract -Mechanical Compaction of Porous Sandstone -In many reservoir engineering and tectonic problems, the ability to predict both the occurrence and extent of inelastic deformation and failure hinges upon a fundamental understanding of the phenomenology and micromechanics of compaction in

York, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-2100 -USA e-mail: jiyuntao@gmail.com -patrick.baud@unistra.fr -veronika@gmail.com -teng-fong.wong@stonybrook.edu Résumé -Caractérisation de la géométrie des pores dans le calcaire de l'Indiana (États-Unis) en relation avec la compaction mécanique -La structure des pores dans des échantillons de calcaire de l'Indiana intact et déformé a été étudiée par microtomographie à rayons X. En se basant sur une étude détaillée de la microstructure et en utilisant la méthode de seuillage global d'Otsu, les images 3D acquises avec un voxel de 4 μm ont été segmentées en trois domaines : les grains, les macropores et une zone intermédiaire dominée par la microporosité. Les macropores ont été individualisés grâce à une analyse morphologique qui a également permis de quantifier leurs formes (sphéricité et diamètre équivalent). Nos nouvelles données 3D montrent une réduction significative du nombre de macropores dans les échantillons déformés sous chargements hydrostatique et triaxial par rapport à la roche intacte, en accord avec les études antérieures sur la microstructure du calcaire de l'Indiana. Le domaine intermédiaire (microporosité) reste interconnecté dans les échantillons déformés. Notre analyse suggère que la déformation irréversible dans le calcaire de l'Indiana se manifeste par une diminution à la fois du volume et de la surface de cette zone microporeuse. Abstract

An important way to improve users' satisfaction in Web search is to assist them by issuing more effective queries. One such approach is query reformulation, which generates new queries according to the current query issued by users. A common procedure for conducting reformulation is to generate some candidate queries first, then a scoring method is employed to assess these candidates. Currently, most of the existing methods are context based. They rely heavily on the context relation of terms in the history queries and cannot detect and maintain the semantic consistency of queries. In this article, we propose a graphical model to score queries. The proposed model exploits a latent topic space, which is automatically derived from the query log, to detect semantic dependency of terms in a query and dependency among topics. Meanwhile, the graphical model also captures the term context in the history query by skip-bigram and n-gram language models. In addition, our model can be easily extended to consider users' history search interests when we conduct query reformulation for different users. In the task of candidate query generation, we investigate a social tagging data resource-Delicious bookmark-to generate addition and substitution patterns that are employed as supplements to the patterns generated from query log data. ACM Reference Format:Lidong Bing, Wai Lam, Tak-Lam Wong, and Shoaib Jameel. 2015. Web query reformulation via joint modeling of latent topic dependency and term context.

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