Magnetic force is useful for manipulating objects without contact. W e propose a method of micromanipulation using this force. T h e concept i s based upon linkage-free end-effectors and different f r o m the concept of serial-link manipulators. Multiple cylindrical permanent magnets work as end-effectors. T h e perm a n e n t magnets o n the stage, above a n arrangement of solenoids, manipulate objects by pushing. Furthermore, 3 0 manipulation can be achieved as a link mechanism is used.
Bi2O3-based glasses are very attractive from the viewpoints of low-melting, high refractive index and crystallization, and the research on their glasses and glass-ceramics is at the frontiers of glass science and technology. Nonlinear optical Bi2ZnB2O7 crystal lines with a high orientation were patterned in 3Sm2O3-30.3Bi2O3-33.3ZnO-33.3B2O3 glass by using a laser-induced crystallization technique. It was confirmed from transmission electron microscope observations that crystals were formed in the inside of the glass, i.e., at the beneath of 4 m from the surface, although lasers (Yb:YVO4 laser with a wavelength of 1080 nm) were focused at the glass surface. A new potential for optical device applications was added in Bi2O3-based glasses from the present study.
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