ResumoO presente trabalho estudou a influência de alguns tratamentos térmicos sobre a microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas de um aço microligado visando à adequação de parâmetros que o classifiquem como um ao do tipo API X65 paraaplicação na prospecção e condução de óleo e gás. Diferentes ciclos de tratamentos térmicos envolvendo normalização, têmpera e revenimento foram aplicados a amostras deste aço. Estas foram submetidas a ensaios de tração, dureza Vickers e impacto Charpy, além de terem sido microestruturalmente caracterizadas com o auxílio de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se que as microestruturas e propriedades mecânicas foram fortemente influenciadas pelos tratamentos estudados. Entretanto, apenas a amostra temperada e revenida atendeu integralmente aosrequisitos para o grau API X65no que diz respeito às propriedades mecânicas.Estaamostratambémapresentou maior a tenacidade ao impacto, o que está associado ao alívio de tensões e à decomposição da martensitae da bainita em carbonetos de ferro e ferrita. A amostra normalizada apresentou microestrutura constituída por perlita e ferrita, possuindo assim os menores limites de resistência mecânica e a maior ductilidade. Já nas espécies normalizada-temperada, assim como na simplesmente temperada, observou-semartensita e bainitacomo principais constituintes, supondo-se a presença de uma pequena fração de constituinte MA. Palavras-chave:Aço microligado; Tratamentos térmicos; API X65. EFFECT OF SOME HEAT TREATMENTS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPRIETIES OF A MICROALLOYED STEEL AbstractThe present work studied the influence of some heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical proprieties of a microalloyed steel aiming to adequate its properties to get the API X65 grade, to possibility its application in oil and gas industry.Tensile tests, Vickers hardness and Charpyimpacttests were performed, as well structural characterization byoptical and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that steel microstructure and mechanical properties were significantly affected by the studied heat treatments. However, only the quenched and tempered specimen fulfilled the API X65 level in terms of mechanical proprieties. This sample also presented the higher toughness assigned to stress relieving and decomposition of the martensite and bainite in iron carbides and ferrite. The normalized sample exhibited microstructure composed of perlite and ferrite, thus having the lowesttensile strength parameters and the highest ductility. On normalized-quenchedandquenchendspecimens,martensite and bainite were observed as the main steel constituents with a small amount of MA.
ResumoVisando atender à demanda de materiais de engenharia que apresentem elevada resistência ao desgaste sem prejudicar sua ductilidade, o presente artigo objetivou avaliar a influência dos tempos de cementação em meio sólido nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço baixo carbono submetido ao tratamento. Adotou-se diferentes tempos de estágio, a saber 6h, 11h e 24h, fixando-se a temperatura a 900ºC. Além disso, a fim de verificar a validade dos experimentos e compará-los às previsões teóricas, estimou-se, pela Lei de Fick, a profundidade da camada cementada. Métodos mais práticos, como a elaboração de perfis de dureza e a análise de microestruturas, reafirmaram as previsões e indicaram que a profundidade da camada cementada aumenta com o tempo de exposição das amostras à atmosfera adequada. Palavras-chave: Tempo de cementação; Profundidade de camada cementada; Lei de Fick; Aço AISI 5115. STUDY OF THE CEMENTATION IN A SOLID ENVIRONMENT OF AN AISI 5115 STEEL FOR SUPERFICIAL WEAR RESISTANCE APPLICATIONS AbstractAiming to meet the demand of engineering materials that presents high wear resistance without impair ductility, this article intended to evaluate the influence of carburizing periods in a solid environment on the mechanical properties of a low carbon steel submitted to this treatment. Different periods were adopted, 6h, 11h and 24h, all of them at the same temperature (900 ºC). Besides that, in order to verify the viability of the experiments and compare them with the theoretical predictions, it was estimated, by Fick's Law, the depth of the cemented layer. More practical methods, like the elaboration of hardness profiles and the analysis of the microstructures, reaffirmed the predictions and indicated that the depth of the cemented layer increases along the time of exposition of the samples to the adequate atmosphere.
This research consisted in comparing the fatigue crack growth (FCG) performance of four HSLA/ AHSS steels used in automotive applications and with different microstructures, and the application of some prediction models for the da/dN versus ΔK traditional sigmoidal curve as a function of the R load ratio. FCG tests were carried out on C(T) test specimens with R-ratios varying between 0.03 and 0.7. Using the original and empirical methodology proposed by Paris and Erdogan to describe the da/dN-ΔK relationship, the results showed significant differences in function of microstructure, and a deleterious effect of R-ratio increase on the crack growth rate. In order to check existing methodologies based on physical considerations for predicting the fatigue behavior of materials and the effect of the R-ratio mainly in the fatigue threshold ΔK th region, the well-known crack closure model proposed by Elber, an approach using two parameters as a driving force for the crack growth proposed by Vasudevan and co-authors and a combination of these two models recently proposed by Zhu and co-authors were compared. The manifestation of crack closure and its qualitatively expected dependence on the R-ratio were verified for the studied steels, but the Elber model was not able to provide a master curve that accurately summarized the effect of the R-ratio on the sigmoidal fatigue curve of steels. The combined use of two critical thresholds, ΔK th * and K max *, for predicting fatigue crack growth according to the Vasudevan model also did not provide accurate results in evaluating the effect of the R-ratio. Regardless of the verified dispersions, there is a connection between the two-parameter methodology and crack closure, hence the model by Zhu and co-authors could be a promising alternative. However, this model also showed significant dispersions and was unable to create a master curve to adequately predict the effect of R-ratio on crack growth. Thus, it can be concluded that this research topic is still open, requiring a more in-depth phenomenological knowledge to predict the effect of the R-ratio on FCG.
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