The aim of this work is to review the phenomenon of icing in marine operations. The focus is on two main sources of icing, namely atmospheric and sea spray. The literature reveals that sea spray icing is the main contributor to marine icing. This work discusses the available ice accretion prediction models on ships and offshore structures. It also reviews the anti-/de-icing technologies that can be implemented on ships operating in cold climate regions. The significance of ice detection is acknowledged, and a brief review of various ice detection technologies is provided.
ARTICLE HISTORY
There are several challenges to operating in a cold climate. Marine icing is one of them, and its mitigation is vital for marine operations. The presented work is a laboratory-scale setup to measure marine ice thickness. The developed methodology can be applied towards de-/anti-icing setups. The method described is based on measuring the average surface temperatures of the marine ice. Infrared thermography (IRT) is used to measure the thermal response of ice when subjected to active heating. These tests are performed at various controlled climatic conditions. The surface temperature profiles of marine icing samples are recorded with a calibrated high definition infrared camera. The results show distinct thermal profiles for different ice thicknesses (5, 10 and 15mm). The thermal profile revealed three parameters, namely: time to respond (), rate of change of temperature (), and time to reach of 5 o C (). These parameters can be empirically correlated to initial temperature () and ice thickness (). It was found that time to respond () had a strong correlation with ice thickness (); however, the rate of change of temperature () and time to reach ∆T of 5 o C () were both dependent on initial temperature () and ice thickness (). The study mentioned above is conceptual proof that ice thickness can be measured with the given setup, taking into account environmental parameters and accurate calibration.
Analyses of atmospheric icing events hold the key for computing the significant parameters leading to icing load calculations. In the cold regions of the high north, atmospheric icing loads on structures become important when it comes to design and safety of infrastructures. Furthermore, icing load calculations over a certain period of time provide a vital input for designers to improve the safety of structures. Patterns of icing events can be evaluated in correlation with other meteorological parameters such as atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and wind speed to better estimate icing loads. A field study has been performed in the complex terrain of northern Norway, by the atmospheric icing research team of Narvik University College, where customized meteorological atmospheric ice monitoring stations were installed to study atmospheric icing events in relation with the associated weather parameters. The meteorological parameters of three different sites in the vicinity of Narvik (68°25′14′ N17°33′36′ E) were collected, sorted, averaged to standardized timeline and further validated with recordings of weathers parameters obtained from the national weather forecasts, where a good agreement was found. Analyses were mainly performed between accreted ice loads and associated meteorological parameters. The results presented can be used as base for the development of more detailed mathematical models for the better prediction of atmospheric icing events in complex terrains.
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