Plasmon-mediated
chemical reaction has a great potential to create
self-cleaning surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates.
However, few works have been reported to promote this goal. Here,
we report ultralow density nanoporous gold (ULDNPG) that possesses
an impressive full spectrum responsive characteristic with a reflectivity
lower than 5% in the waveband of 300–900 nm. ULDNPG was fabricated
by a sandwich dealloying strategy from ultradilute Au–Ag solid
solutions with the Au content as low as 1–5 at.%. The prepared
ULDNPG presents excellent SERS properties, including high sensitivity,
high uniformity, and reproducibility. The full spectrum responsive
characteristic of ULDNPG leads to an obvious plasmonic photocatalytic
activity. The short lifetime of the SP-excited hot carriers causes
a restricted self-cleaning SERS property and a strong photothermal
effect for ULDNPG structures.
An ultrathin layer of uranium nitrides (UN) has been coated on the inner surface of depleted uranium hohlraum (DUH), which has been proven by our experiment to prevent the oxidization of uranium (U) effectively. Comparative experiments between the novel depleted uranium hohlraum and pure golden (Au) hohlraum are implemented on an SGIII-prototype laser facility. Under a laser intensity of 6 × 10 14 W cm −2 , we observe that the hard x-ray (hν 1.8 > keV) fraction of the uranium hohlraum decreases by 61% and the peak intensity of the total x-ray flux (0.1 keV∼5.0 keV) increases by 5%. Radiation hydrodynamic code LARED is used to interpret the above observations. Our result for the first time indicates the advantages of the UN-coated DUH in generating a uniform x-ray source with a quasi-Planckian spectrum, which should have important applications in high energy density physics.
An ultrathin aluminum (Al) layer is proposed to be coated on the surface of the uranium (U) planar target for preventing the oxidization of U and optimizing the hard x-ray spectrum. Comparative experiments using several planar targets with different materials are implemented on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility to study their radiative properties. Under the laser intensity of W cm−2, we observe that the U target coated with 30 nm thick Al produces almost the same peak intensity of the total x-ray flux and decreases the hard x-ray fraction by 38.5% compared to the U target coated with 100 nm thick gold. Simulations using XRL2D (2D radiation hydrodynamic code) interpret the measured results and indicate that the radiative property of Al-coated U approaches that of pure U, which theoretically has a high laser to x-ray conversion efficiency and a quasi-Planckian spectrum. Based on our analysis, Al-coated U is a promising material of the ignition hohlraum and should have many applications in high energy density physics.
The state's attention to the development of democracy has never ceased, and the development of democracy at the grassroots level in the countryside has never been slackened. The method of governance at the grass-roots level of rural areas has undergone many changes, and has finally been realized through mass self-government at the grass-roots level, and has become the basic political system of China.
Village committees, as grassroots governance organizations, are directly elected by villagers with voter qualifications. Whether the village committee can represent the interests of the villagers and administer the grass-roots for the villagers depends on whether the voters' will to elect the village committee is reflected directly and completely. Improving the quality of the election process is also a precondition for the quality of the election results. Regarding the phenomenon of proxy voting in the electoral process, with the improvement of democratic awareness in recent years and the improvement of legal awareness, we have gradually realized that the proxy voting system has an impact on the authenticity of the election results, then damages grass-roots democracy and the rule of law. Furthermore Village committees that have been improperly elected may infringe on the fundamental rights of the villagers during their operation. In addition to increasing the legal obligations and legal responsibilities of trustees, we should actively use technology as a tool for grassroots governance, participate in the process of village committee elections as an alternative or selective measure to reduce the deep dependence of voters in other places on the proxy voting system.
The research on the rule of law of the proxy voting system is only an entry point for exploring grassroots democratic governance. In order to realize the rule of law in grassroots democracy, it must be achieved through legislative protection. Formulate professional laws to protect villagers’ fundamental rights, establishing a three-dimensional rule of law system for rights protection based on the protection of the origin of rights The establishment of a three-dimensional rule of law system for rights protection based on the protection of the origin of rights has far-reaching significance for promoting the construction of grass-roots democracy and the rule of law.
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