Aims:To identify the factors associated with good-quality bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that multiple rescuers (odds ratio=2.8, 95% CI: 1.5-5.6), bystander-initiated BCPR (2.7, 1.1-7.3), non-elderly bystanders (1.9, 1.1-3.2), occurrence in the central region (2.1, 1.3-3.3) and duration of BCPR (1.1, 1.0-1.1) were associated with good-quality BCPR. Moreover, good-quality BCPR was initiated earlier after recognition/witness of cardiac arrest compared with poor-quality BCPR (3 vs. 4 min, p=0.0052). MethodsThe rate of neurologically favourable survival at one year was 2.7% and 0% in the good-quality and poor-quality groups, respectively (p=0.1357). Conclusions:The presence of multiple rescuers and bystander-initiated CPR are predominantly associated with good-quality BCPR.

Background-Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) attempts to improve the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by laypersons who are unable to recognize cardiac arrest and are unfamiliar with CPR. Therefore, we investigated the sensitivity and specificity of our new DA-CPR protocol for achieving implementation of bystander CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims not already receiving bystander CPR. Methods and Results-Since 2007, we have applied a new DA-CPR protocol that uses supplementary key words. Fire departments prospectively collected baseline data on DA-CPR from January 2009 to December 2011. DA-CPR was attempted in 2747 patients; of these, 417 (15.2%) did not experience cardiac arrest. The sensitivity and specificity of the 2007 protocol versus estimated values of the previous standard protocol were 72.9% versus 50.3% and 99.6% versus 99.8%, respectively. We identified key words that may be useful for detecting out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrence of cardiac arrest after an emergency call (odds ratio, 16.85) and placing an emergency call away from the scene of the arrest (odds ratio, 11.04) were potentially associated with failure to provide DA-CPR. Furthermore, at-home cardiac arrest (odds ratio, 1.61) and family members as bystanders (odds ratio, 1.55) were associated with bystander noncompliance with DA-CPR. No complications were reported in the 417 patients who received DA-CPR but did not have cardiac arrest. Conclusions-Our 2007 protocol is safe and highly specific and may be more sensitive than the standard protocol.Understanding the factors associated with failure of bystanders to provide DA-CPR and implementing public education are necessary to increase the benefit of DA-CPR. (Circulation. 2014;129:1751-1760.)

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Aims -To investigate whether the bystander-patient relationship affects bystander response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and patient outcomes depending on the time of day. Results-The rates of dispatcher-assisted CPR during daytime (7:00-18:59) and nighttime (19:00-6:59) were highest in family members (45.6% and 46.1%, respectively, for family members; 28.7% and 29.2%, respectively, for friends/colleagues; and 28.1% and 25.3%, respectively, for others). However, the BCPR rates were lowest in family members (35.5% and 37.8%, respectively, for family members; 43.7% and 37.8%, respectively, for friends/colleagues; and 59.3% and 50.0%, respectively, for others). Large delays (≥5 min) in placing emergency calls and initiating BCPR were most frequent in family members. The overall survival rate was lowest (2.7%) for family members and highest (9.1%) for friends/colleagues during daytime. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the effect of bystander relationship on survival 3 was significant only during daytime [adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for survival from daytime OHCAs with family as reference were 1.51 (1.36-1.68) for friends/colleagues and 1.23 (1.13-1.34) for others]. Methods-ThisConclusions-Family members are least likely to perform BCPR and OHCAs witnessed by family members are least likely to survive during daytime. Different strategies are required for family-witnessed OHCAs.

Review: An increased number of rescuers may improve the survival rate from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). The majority of OHCAs occur at home and are handled by family members.Materials and Methods: Data from 5,078 OHCAs that were witnessed by citizens and unwitnessed by citizens or emergency medical technicians from January 2004 to March 2010 were prospectively collected. The number of rescuers was identified in 4,338OHCAs and was classified into two (single rescuer (N=2,468) and multiple rescuers (N=1870)) or three (single rescuer, two rescuers (N=887) and three or more rescuers (N=983)) groups. The backgrounds, characteristics and outcomes of OHCAs were compared between the two groups and among the three groups.Results: When all OHCAs were collectively analysed, an increased number of rescuers was associated with better outcomes (one-year survival and one-year survival with favourable neurological outcomes were 3.1% and 1.9% for single rescuers, 4.1% and 2.0% for two rescuers, and 6.0% and 4.6% for three or more rescuers, respectively, (p=0.0006 and p<0.0001)). A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of multiple rescuers is an independent factor that is associated with one-year survival (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.539 (1.088-2.183)). When only OHCAs that occurred at home were analysed (N=2902), the OHCAs that were handled by multiple rescuers were associated with higher incidences of bystander CPR but were not associated with better outcomes.Conclusions: In summary, an increased number of rescuers improves the outcomes of OHCAs. However, this beneficial effect is absent in OHCAs that occur at home. Word count 250

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When an electrodeposited ZnO was inserted into the ITO/PV (PV: bisbenzimidazo[2,1-a:2′,1′-a′]antra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d′e′f′] diisoquinoline-6,11-dione) interface in ITO/PV/MEH-PPV/Au sandwich-type solar cells (MEH-PPV: poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylenehexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenvinylene], the cell performance was remarkably improved, resulting in 1.24% of energy conversion yield under the irradiation of AM 1.5–100 mW/cm2.