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Background Delayed identification of infiltration and dysfunction of peripheral intravenous (PIV) access can lead to serious consequences during general anesthesia in children. This preliminary study aimed to describe the application of precordial Doppler ultrasound during general anesthesia in children to detect and confirm the correct PIV access and to evaluate the accuracy of this method. Methods This was a single-center, preliminary study that was conducted in children (<18 years) who were scheduled for elective surgeries between October 2019 and March 2020. Rater anesthesiologists judged the change in precordial Doppler sound (S test) before and after injection of 0.5 mL/kg of normal saline (NS) via PIV. Blood flow velocity before and after NS injection was recorded, and multiple cutoff points were set to analyze the accuracy of detecting the infiltration and dysfunction of PIV catheter (V test). Results The total incidence of peripheral infiltration and dysfunction of PIV catheter was 7/512 (1.4%). In the S test, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were 5/7 (71.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29.0%–96.3%), 490/505 (97.0%; 95% CI, 95.1%–98.3%), 24.0, 0.29, and 0.84, respectively. The V test showed that the reasonable threshold of blood flow velocity change was 1.0 m/s, with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and AUC of 4/7 (57.1%; 95% CI, 18.4%–90.1%), 489/505 (96.8%; 95% CI, 94.9%–98.2%), 18.0 and 0.44, and 0.84, respectively. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrated that precordial Doppler ultrasound is a feasible, easy-to-use, and noninvasive technique with good accuracy to confirm the correct PIV access during general anesthesia in children. However, its accuracy requires further evaluation.

Laryngoscopy by pediatric residents has substantially decreased over time. This downward trend was not associated with the 2013 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education change in residency requirements.

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There are very few case reports of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) under close hemodynamic monitoring. We encountered a case of possible TRALI during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A 66-year-old man who had undergone on-pump CABG was administered fresh frozen plasma (FFP). One hour after FFP transfusion, pulmonary hypertensive crisis and subsequent hypoxic decompensation occurred. A second cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was needed for circulatory and respiratory deterioration. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and nitric oxide therapy were required after the surgery. Despite the severity of the initial state, his recovery was comparatively smooth. ECLS and IABP were removed on postoperative day (POD)1; the patient was extubated and discharged from the ICU on POD7 and POD12, respectively. The diagnosis of TRALI was confirmed by human leukocyte antigen antibody detection in the administered FFP. In addition, lymphocytic immunofluorescence test showed that a cross-match of the plasma from the pooled FFP against the recipient leukocytes was positive. The clinical course of the pulmonary artery hypertension was followed by a decrease in dynamic lung compliance. The mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear. However, it might suggest the possibility of vasoconstriction or obstruction of the peripheral pulmonary artery preceding lung damage, as in the case in animal models reported previously.

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Although maintaining anesthesia for myasthenia gravis (MG) with minimal muscle relaxants (MR) is common, the success rate of anesthetic management for MG without MR is not clear. We therefore retrospectively examined the success rate of anesthetic management for MG without MR among 66 consecutive cases of thymectomy for MG performed at our hospital between January 2004 and April 2010, before approval of using sugammadex. A total of 60 patients (90.9 %) were treated without MR (N group). Among the 60 cases, 17 (28.3 %) patients were not extubated in the operating room due to postoperative respiratory depression or other reasons. Therefore, the success rate of anesthetic management for thymectomy in patients with MG without treating MR was 71.7 % (43/60) [95 % confident interval (CI): 65.9-77.5 %]. The reasons for using MR included coughing at intubation in one case, bucking during surgery in two cases, and MR was considered to be safer by the attending anesthesiologist in three cases. The number of cases of impossible extubation requiring ventilation on that day was three in the N group and none in the R group. Finally, the success rate of anesthetic management for MG without MR was estimated to be 71.1 % (95 % CI: 65.9-77.5 %).

SummaryThe electroreduction reaction of methyl cinnamate on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was investigated. The hydrodimer, dimethyl 3,4-diphenylhexanedioate (racemate/meso = 74:26), was obtained in 85% yield as the major product, along with small amounts of cyclic methyl 5-oxo-2,3-diphenylcyclopentane-1-carboxylate. Two new neolignan-type products were synthesized from the hydrodimer.