The production of a bacteriocin-like substance with antimicrobial activity, named peocin, by the probiotic Paenibacillus ehimensis NPUST1 was previously reported by our laboratory. The present study aimed to identify peocin and increase the peocin yield by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Peocin was identified as a DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein, also called DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps), by gel overlay and LC-MS/MS analysis. For mass production of peocin, fed-batch cultivation of E. coli was performed using a pH-stat control system. Purification by simple nickel affinity chromatography and dialysis yielded 45.3 mg of purified peocin from a 20-mL fed-batch culture (49.3% recovery). The biological activity of the purified peocin was confirmed by determination of the MIC and MBC against diverse pathogens. Purified peocin exhibited antimicrobial activity against aquatic, food spoilage, clinical and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In an in vivo challenge test, zebrafish treated with purified peocin exhibited significantly increased survival rates after A. hydrophila challenge. The present study is the first to show the antimicrobial activity of Dps and provides an efficient strategy for production of bioactive peocin, which will aid the development of peocin as a novel antimicrobial agent with potential applications in diverse industries.

Many seahorse species, including the longsnout seahorse, Hippocampus reidi are traded for medicinal and aquaria purposes (Rosa, Sampaio, & Barros, 2006). Based on the database from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Trade, approximately 7 million individuals within 70 countries or regions comprise the sources and/ or consumers of the seahorse trade. Hong Kong consumed 57% of the total seahorse trade volume (Evanson, Foster, Wiswedel, &

This study investigated the changes in bioaccumulation, bioabsorption, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate, and photosynthetic pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin) of Sarcodia suiae following cadmium exposure within 24 h. The bioabsorption was significantly higher than the bioaccumulation at all cadmium levels (p < 0.05). The ratios of bioabsorption/bioaccumulation in light and dark bottles were 2.17 and 1.74, respectively, when S. suiae was exposed to 5 Cd2+ mg/L. The chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration, oxygen evolution rate (photosynthetic efficiency), and oxygen consumption rate (respiratory efficiency) decreased with increasing bioaccumulation and ambient cadmium levels. The levels of bioaccumulation and bioabsorption in light environments were significantly higher than those in dark environments (p < 0.05). In addition, the ratios of phycoerythrin (PE)/Chl-a, phycocyanin (PC)/Chl-a, and allophycocyanin (APC)/Chl-a were also higher in light bottles compared to dark bottles at all ambient cadmium levels. These results indicated that the photosynthesis of seaweed will increase bioaccumulation and bioabsorption in a cadmium environment.

The present study aimed to determine the changes in the biosorption, bioaccumulation, chlorophyll-a (chl-a), phycobiliproteins, and exudation in the red seaweed Sarcodia suiae exposed to lead and zinc. The seaweed was exposed to ambient lead and zinc environments for 5 days before being transferred to fresh seawater, and the changes in biodesorption, biodecumulation, chl-a, and phycobiliprotein levels in S. suiae were investigated. Lead and zinc biosorption and bioaccumulation in the seaweed increased with the increase in the lead and zinc concentrations and exposure times. Meanwhile, the biosorption and bioaccumulation of zinc in the seaweed following exposure to zinc were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the biosorption and bioaccumulation of lead in the seaweed following exposure to lead with the same concentration at each exposure time. The chl-a, phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC), and allophycocyanin (APC) contents in the seaweed significantly decreased with the increase in the lead and zinc concentrations and exposure times. The chl-a, PE, PC, and APC contents in S. suiae, which was exposed to 5 Pb2+ mg/L for 5 days, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the seaweed exposed to zinc at the same concentration and for the same exposure times. In the lead and zinc exudation tests, the highest biodesorption and biodecumulation were observed on the 1st day of exudation after the seaweed was transferred to fresh seawater. The residual percentages of the lead and zinc in the seaweed cells were 15.86% and 73.08% after 5 days of exudation, respectively. The biodesorption rate and biodecumulation rate of the seaweed exposed to lead were higher than those of the seaweed exposed to zinc. However, the effect of lead on chl-a and phycobiliproteins was greater than that of zinc. This might be the result of lead not being a necessary metal for these algae, whereas zinc is.