Minimum energy consumption and economic efficiency using local and recyclable materials is essential for achieving sustainability, considering the depletion of global energy sources. The Anatolian Peninsula presents a diverse range of local building construction techniques accumulated over centuries, which meet the criteria mentioned above. Due to richness of climatic variety and the influence of many civilisations throughout history, Anatolian regions reflect this richness in their respective solutions to building construction. Built mainly out of brick and stone, mortared and plastered by mud, the domed vernacular houses of Harran, a small town in the province of Urfa in the hot arid climate of southeastern Anatolia, are one of the best examples that deserve attention with respect to minimum energy consumption. In this study, the thermal performance of the ''Harran house'' as a vernacular type was analysed. For this purpose, temperatures inside and outside a Harran house complex with relative humidity variations were measured. In addition, for investigating the domed houses' thermal behaviour, temperature measurements at different surfaces and media were recorded. The solar chimney effect obtained from the dome and the importance of the thermal mass of the square base of the house were also evaluated. The study yielded results, which showed that the indoor conditions were within the limits for thermal comfort even under extreme summer conditions.

h i g h l i g h t sWe examined skin temperature changes in similar body surface area cohort. A structural relation was observed in skin temperature variations among participants. Temperature pattern of skin was different between maximal and submaximal exercise. Thermal kinetic analysing may be useful tool for monitoring thermoregulations. New method was examined for determining skin temperature by infrared thermography. Aims of this study were to examine our hypotheses assuming that (a) skin temperature patterns would differ between submaximal exercise (SE) and graded maximal exercise test (GXT) and (b) thermal kinetics of T skin occurring in SE and GXT might be similar in a homogenous cohort. Core temperature (T core ) also observed in order to evaluate thermoregulatory responses to SE and GXT. Eleven moderately to well-trained male athletes were volunteered for the study (age: 22.2 ± 3.7 years; body mass: 73.8 ± 6.9 kg; height: 181 ± 6.3 cm; body surface area 1.93 ± 0.1 m 2 ; body fat: 12.6% ± 4.2%; _ VO 2max : 54 ± 9.9 mL min À1 kg a r t i c l e i n f o À1). Under stabilized environmental conditions in climatic chamber, GXT to volitional exhaustion and 20-min SE at 60% of VO 2max were performed on cycle ergometer. Thermal analyses were conducted in 2-min intervals throughout exercise tests. T skin was monitored by a thermal camera, while T core was recorded via an ingestible telemetric temperature sensor. Thermal kinetic analyses showed that T skin gradually decreased till the 7.58 ± 1.03th minutes, and then initiated to increase till the end of SE (Rsqr = 0.97), while T skin gradually decreased throughout the GXT (Rsqr = 0.89). Decrease in the level of T skin during the GXT was significantly below from the SE [F (4, 40) = 2.67, p = 0.07, g p 2 = 0.211]. In the meantime, T core continuously increased throughout the SE and GXT (p < 0.05). Both GXT and SE were terminated at very close final T core values (37.8 ± 0.3°C and 38.0 ± 0.3°C, respectively; p > 0.05). However, total heat energies were calculated as 261.5 kJ/m 2 and 416 kJ/m 2 for GXT and SE, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, it seems that SE may be more advantageous than GXT in thermoregulation.In conclusion, T core gradually increased throughout maximal and submaximal exercises as expected. T skin curves patterns found to be associated amongst participants at both GXT and SE. Therefore, T skin kinetics may ensure an important data for monitoring thermoregulation in exercise.

a b s t r a c tThis paper reports on the experimental and numerical analysis of a building element-a flat roof-that incorporates phase change material (PCM) as a layer. First, a planar model of the building element of 50 cm by 50 cm surface area was constructed in laboratory conditions to be used in the experimental work. During the experiment, changes in the thermal balance were investigated by temperature and volumetric flow rate measurements, as well as observation of the phase change interface. Next, the experimental measurements were used to validate a numerical computer fluid dynamics (CFD) model for simulation purposes. The model is one-dimensional and is based on the first law of thermodynamics. Finally, a time-dependent simulation for summer conditions was performed using the climatic data oḟ Istanbul. The thickness of the PCM inside the roof element was investigated accordingly. The simulation data showed the solid/liquid phase of PCM over time. Monthly graphs were drawn for ease of comparison of the use of PCM with thicknesses varying between 1 and 5 cm. Consequently, a PCM thickness of 2 cm was found to be suitable for use in flat roofs in Istanbul.

In this study, temperature distribution and heat transfer through the cavity of a double skin façade (DSF) was investigated in the laboratory environment and analyzed numerically by using nodal network approach. The verification of the nodal network method was conducted by using data from the steady-state experiments and the same method was applied for the climate of Istanbul, Turkey under unsteady outside boundary conditions. Furthermore, heat gain and loss values in DSF for January and July were calculated and compared with single skin façade (SSF) application for different directions of the façades. The results were given for a day and a working time period of the office buildings by using monthly average daily climate data. Distinction working hours were more convenient to investigate the energy performance of DSF because of solar radiation effect. Using DSF in all directions, the cooling loads decreased up to 26% comparing to the SSF. DSF system was disadvantageous comparing to the SSF for January. However, it was shown that the heated air in the cavity could be used for preheating process of air in a HVAC system for winter period.

Insulation location effect in the transient heat conduction problem was studied. Insulation thickness effect was studied for different climatic regions in Turkey. Different facade orientations were investigated. 1-D transient heat conduction was solved by implicit finite difference method.

In this study, thermal behaviours of the athletes were investigated with respect to thermal comfort and exercise intensity. The relationship between an index for analysing thermal comfort (Predicted Mean Vote: PMV) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) which shows exercise intensity and exhaustion level was evaluated. Eleven moderately trained male athletes (normalV˙O2max 54 ± 9.9 mL∙min−1∙kg−1) had volunteered for the study (age: 22.2 ± 3.7 years; body mass: 73.8 ± 6.9 kg; height: 181 ± 6.3 cm; Body surface area (BSA): 1.93 ± 0.1 m2; body fat: 12.6% ± 4.2%; normalV˙O2max: 54 ± 9.9 mL∙min−1∙kg−1). Experiments were carried out by using a cycle ergometer in an air-conditioned test chamber which provided fresh air and had the ability to control the temperature and relative humidity. The study cohort was divided into two groups according to maximal oxygen consumption levels of the participants. Statistical analyses were conducted with the whole study cohort as well as the two separated groups. There was a moderate correlation between PMV and RPE for whole cohort (r: −0.51). When the whole cohort divided as low and high aerobic power groups, an average correlation coefficient at high oxygen consumption cohort decreased to r: −0.21, while the average correlation coefficient at low oxygen consumption cohort increased to r: −0.77. In conclusion, PMV and RPE have a high correlation in less trained participants, but not in the more trained ones. The case may bring to mind that thermal distribution may be better in high aerobic power group in spite of high RPE and thus the relation between PMV and RPE is affected by exercise performance status.

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